This is a relatively simple question, although it had the potential to be difficult. At any rate, the purported purpose of the AAA was to artificially raise the rates of agricultural products. Essentially, and for a variety of reasons beyond the scope of this test, the economy happened to converge in such a fashion that there was a glut of agricultural products on the market at a time when demand was lower than usual. This caused the prices of agricultural products to plunge. In an effort to combat this problem, FDR pushed the AAA through Congress. The AAA basically attempted to dry up the supply (and thus raise the prices) by paying farmers to keep crops off of the market.

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff increased agricultural and industrial tariffs to the highest level in nearly one hundred years. It was a well-intentioned bill, by all means (although the end result was catastrophic).

Remember: a tariff is a protectionist measure that artificially increases the prices of imported goods (so that they are either on equal footing or more expensive than their home-grown counterparts). The Smoot-Hawley Tariff was, in large part, an attempt to shore up a floundering American agricultural and industrial sector.

Unfortunately for Hoover, almost all of America blamed him for the Great Depression, mainly due to the fact that the Depression occurred about eight months into his first term. The Great Depression was the result of a variety of factors, none of which are truly attributable to Herbert Hoover; however, Hoover often takes the fall because he steadfastly refused to take drastic steps to address the Great Depression.

During the Great Depression and World War II, the Roosevelt administration spent large on government programs and grants, producing a large post-war economic boom that also produced a long time consensus in economic matters. This consensus began to shift during the large amounts of unemployment and inflation, a condition known as stagflation, in the 1970s. During his 1980 Presidential campaign and during his administration, Ronald Reagan successfully lobbied for Supply Side economics, which favored lowering taxes and deregulating businesses.

The Federal Reserve Act was designed (at least according to most politicians of the time and the majority of modern historians) to bust the banking monopolies of JP Morgan and others. It directed that the banking system should be placed under public control. Banks remained private, but were now to be both supervised and supported by the newly created Federal Reserve Board. This allowed the government to better control currency practices and credit. 

The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy. It centered on two main principles: The protection of the working and middle classes from corporate excess; The conservation of natural resources for the enjoyment of current and future generations. Roosevelt abhorred the manner in which the common American man was being used for the gain of a tiny minority of Capitalists. Although, the ideas are similar in nature to much of FDRs New Deal policies - the term "Square Deal" should be a dead giveaway that it is referring to Theodore. Although, had Theodore lived to see his kin institue the New Deal, there is no doubt he would have approved.  

Calvin Coolidge believed that America was best served by prioritizing the interests of big business. He ran a Republican government that advocated a hands-off approach towards economic interference. 

The quote is an excerpt from a speech given by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. The speech is commonly known as “The Man with the Muck-Rake.” Roosevelt was a Progressive politician who argued for the usage of a graduated income tax and the implementation of an inheritance tax to limit the proportion of money that could be handed down from one generation to another.

Ronald Reagan's 1980 Presidential campaign saw a new fusion of various conservative political identities under the Republican banner. In economics, Reagan used his typically limited government view to advocate for lower taxes and less regulation of businesses. Within his first two years in office, he achieved signing a bill that required massive income and business tax cuts.

The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt was notable for being much more progressive than that of his predecessor, William McKinley, whose assasination promoted Roosevelt to the Presidency. Roosevelt promised a "Square Deal" for Americans. Notably, this involved "trust busting," or breaking up monopolies, a large effort to conserve natural resources, and various labor laws.