Direct Relief is an economic principle where a government attempts to help an ailing economy by giving citizens assistance in the form of money either as a handout or in the form of a job. The idea being that if an average person has a few extra dollars to spend, they will spend it, thus getting money flowing through the economy again.

Hoover ran for president on the platform that government should not spend more than it takes in. As the Great Depression was in full swing, the government was bringing in much less in taxes than it needed to spend in order to operate. This meant the government could barely afford to support itself, never mind give relief to citizens, so Hoover decided to stick to principles and allow the economy to right itself.

October of 1929 would see the start of the largest economic decline in American History. Once the stock market crashed, it started a series of events that would cause the accumulated wealth of most Americans to evaporate.

The Cartels were groups of people who sold stock in companies they knew to be worthless that way the demand for those stocks would rise. This is when they would sell their own stocks at a huge profit, but leave all the people who had bought these stocks with nothing as they figured out the company they bought into was a sham.

Hoovervilles were named after the President who many blamed for their woes. President Hoover's response to the Depression was considered slow, and when he did respond, inadequate. He generally did nothing to ease the suffering of American workers, and when he did do something it often only made matters worse.

The Stock Market Crash was not as many people think, the cause of the Great Depression, it simply signaled the start of the deep decline that was caused by a host of factors.

The Bread line was a staple of most major cities in America in the 1930's. Each morning many people would line up looking for a meal, which as the name suggest, would usually consist of a piece of bread and possibly some soup. Often the length of these lines would far exceed the amount of food that was available.

The Great Society is most similar to the New Deal because they both aim to help poor Americans by creating programs such as Medicare (Johnson) and Social Security (FDR). All of the other answer describe socially and fiscally conservative (some would say regressive) principles.

The corporation was arguably one of the biggest reasons behind increased industry during the early 20th century. The corporation, in its original form, originally existed only at the behest of the state legislature; in order to form a corporation, you had to petition the state legislature to grant you a “charter” and, generally, the legislature would only hand out charters for “public interest” businesses (such as a hospital).

Around the turn of the 20th century, however, state legislatures started loosening up restrictions on corporations; currently, all you need to do to create a corporation is to file articles of incorporation with (generally) the secretary of state of the state in which you wish to incorporate—and it can be for ‘any lawful purpose.’

Perhaps the most interesting thing about corporations is that they are limited liability—that is, you cannot be held liable (on the hook monetarily) for more than you put in to the company.

This is a tricky question. To begin with, the Federal Reserve (the “Fed”) is an immensely complicated topic, and one that is (mostly) far beyond the scope of your course. More importantly, however, the FRA of 1913 did not create the first Bank of the US. Hopefully you’ll remember that the First Bank of the US was Hamilton’s brainchild, and came into being during the 1790s. The FRA created the Federal Reserve, which—and this is a gross oversimplification—created our central banking system.