Arnold was in charge of a wide swath of land and a good number of troops in the New York and Pennsylvania area.  His plan to surrender everything in his command was uncovered in 1780, bringing him infamy in the colonies and increasing support for the colonial cause.  The British government gave him a commission in the British Army after his treason was uncovered.

Fought between 1754 and 1763, the French and Indian War was the North American theater of a larger conflict between European powers known as the Seven Years' War. Great Britain and France were the principal adversaries in North America, with various Native American groups siding with each European power. The final result was a resounding win for Britain, with France completely leaving the St. Lawrence River in present day Canada and ceding that territory to Britain. The War also saw the first signs of unity between the British colonies in North America, and an increased focus on colonial political issues.

The French and Indian War was part of a larger Anglo-French conflict.  The British invested more resources in North America and defeated the French in Canada by invading and conquering Montreal.  This led to the stripping of all French territory in North America.

The early part of the Revolutionary War saw mostly British victories and a distinct lack of obvious Colonial successes. In late 1777, Washington took his under trained and ill-formed Continental Army to Valley Forge for an encampment, some 20 miles from Philadelphia, still held by British troops. Over six months at Valley Forge, cold, disease, and poor morale all weakened the Army; however, Washington held firm, used the Prussian Officer Baron von Steuben train his soldiers, and allowed the Continental Congress to officially agree on an alliance with France.

Therefore the winter at Valley Forge strengthened the Continental Army into a force that could win the Revolution.

The Treaty of Breda ended a worldwide conflict between European powers, which essentially froze all territorial gains made by every power. Most significantly for North America, the Dutch ceded their colony of New Amsterdam, which the English immediately renamed New York, after the English city and the brother of the King, James, Duke of York. Controlling New York Harbor gave the English an unbroken line of colonies across the Atlantic coast, strengthening their hold even more over North America.

President Washington had a foreign policy stance of neutrality during his presidency.  Manifest Destiny was a foreign policy initiative adopted by James Madison, starting with the War of 1812.

One of the primary causes of the Spanish-American War, were sensationalized accounts of news events, for example the sinking of the USS Maine. These accounts provided by The New York Journal and New York World, owned respectively by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, focused on the implied responsibility of the Spanish government for the sinking of the ship, even though most of the evidence supported that it had been an accident. Whilst it is true that the editors championed Imperialistic responses and the use of photos engendered a strong visceral response among the United States’ population, the most significant contribution was the so called “Yellow Journalism” that sensationalized detail and often completely fabricated facts when evidence did not exist to support the claims being made. The American public, already angered by Spanish involvement in Cuba, became increasingly more supportive of war. 

Yellow journalism was a product of the rivalry between William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World. Both papers printed exaggerations and false news reports to sell more papers.  The sinking of the battleship U.S.S. Maine near Cuba was portrayed by Hearst’s newspaper as an attack by Spanish forces fighting Cuban rebels.  This propaganda engendered support for American efforts to send armed forces to Cuba, leading to the Spanish-American War.

Smith said he had found tablets from a lost tribe of Israel. He wrote the tablets into a book called the Book of Mormon, which he believed should not replace the Bible.  All other answer choices are true.  After finding trouble in New York, Smith moved his followers to Ohio, Missouri, and then Illinois.  After Smith was killed in Illinois, Brigham Young moved the Mormons to Utah. 

Plessy v. Ferguson was a case that appeared before the Supreme Court in 1896. It established the legality and constitutionality of state laws, mostly in the South, that had required segregation of public facilities under the guise of “separate but equal.” It remained protected by law until 1954, when the Brown v. Board of Education decision reversed it.