The key expression here is “to change his opinions.” Since Oliver’s wife failed to lead him to change these, it could be said that he was stubbornly clinging on to his ways and options. When someone is “obdurate,” he or she is stubborn in refusing to change in these ways. The word comes from the Latin for “hard” found in English words like “durability” and “endurance.” The expression “to harden one’s heart” is similar in meaning to “obdurate.”

The key expression here is “mock and laugh.” Since it is implied that Francis cannot bear such things, the best to say that he could not bear “ridicule.” The word means “to mock, deride, and / or laugh at.” It comes from the Latin for “to laugh” and is found in English words like “ridiculous,” “risible,” and “derision.” In particular, “deride” carries the added sense of mockery, not merely laugher.

The second half of the sentence tells us that Jennifer gave some kind of introduction. "Preamble" is the answer choice that means an introductory statement.

Since we are told nothing at all about the nature of the chemical that Ryan did not need, the most general option will be the best. Even the word “compound” is too general, for one could perhaps kill plants with elements (i.e. non-compounds); therefore, the best option is “herbicide,” which merely means “a substance that kills plants.” This word is part of a larger “-cide” class of words that mean “to kill.” Think of “suicide,” which means “to kill oneself” (sui) and “fratricide” which means “to kill one’s brother” (frater / fratr-).

Since the warriors were defeated, we should expect only a portion or a remainder of the many thousands retreated to the ships. The word we want should indicate smallness, because not many of the warriors survived. "Phalanx" means a specific type of military formation—this would say something about how the soldiers retreated, not about how many were left. "Rabble" is close, but it means a disorderly mob. "Legion" is the opposite of what we want; it means a very large number. "Capillary" refers to a vein or blood vessel in the body. The best choice is "remnant," which means a fragment or a small remainder.

The key thing to note in the initial subordinate clause is that John’s life is “out of harmony” with the moral code that he proclaimed (and indeed enjoined to others) in his writing. When someone’s actions oppose the standards in which they claim to believe, such a person is called a “hypocrite.” John’s friends well expected him to condemn is own “hypocritical” behavior. They must have believed that, given his high moral standards, he would eventually be forced to admit to the immorality of his hypocrisy.

From the context of the question you can infer that the Prime Minister had no time for advisors who were not honest and uncompromising. Of the five possible answer choices only sycophants refers to someone who is dishonest. A sycophant is literally a person who flatters someone powerful for personal gain. Vagabonds are homeless people; merriment refers to great happiness; rancor is resentment; theologians are people who consider the nature of God and religion.

The sentence implies a contrast between the answer and the word “enrage.” It is not a complete contrast but a case of intensification, for the answer is said to be “nothing more” than something (i.e. something relatively small in comparison with being enraged). While a number of the options pertain to anger, the word “irritant” best captures the sense of “making someone slightly angry.” The word generally is applied to something causing a bodily sore but it also can be applied to people in the sense of being annoying.

Since citizens had to take “all precautions,” they had to exercise great care and indeed awareness of any potential personal data that might be placed into the trash. When one exercises awareness, he or she is said to be “vigilant.” The word is related to “vigil,” which is the act of staying awake in order to wait for someone or something. Someone who exercises “vigilance” does not “fall asleep at the wheel”—metaphorically speaking—and does not overlook dangers.

The key expression in this sentence is “for favoring any party . . .” The answer must be a word that describes the act of such favoring (which the leader must not show or do). When someone shows partiality or is partial to something, he or she shows a bias in favor of that thing, often for reasons that are not adequate. It often can merely mean “favoritism.” You can think of it as one “taking the part (or side)” of some favored person.