Although any of these options apply to certain kinds of mental failure, the best option is the general one—“senility.”  This likewise can apply to the general loss of strength in way that the others cannot.  The word “senility” first indicates the general signs of aging and weakening from that.  It does especially apply to loss of mental ability, though not solely that.  The word is derived from the Latin word for old man, “senex.”  It is related not only to the English “senile” but also “senior,” as well as “senator.”  The last title was chosen because such lawmakers are intended to be the “wise old men” of the country.

Since the foreign government wishes the United States to send the man to their country for trial, such an act would best be called an “extradition.”   To “extradite” someone is to send them to be tried in a country in which they committed a crime.  The word is a compound of the prefix “ex-,” meaning “out of” (found in many English words like “exit,” “exfoliate,” and “expropriate”) and the latter portion “-tradition.”  This latter half comes from the Latin for “to hand over” (itself a compound), as can be seen in the very form found here “tradition,” a word literally meaning “something handed over (e.g. from generation to generation).” 

The sense of this sentence is that drinking too little water is connected with the occurrence of migraine headaches, although we cannot say if there is a direct causality.  When two things at least occur at the same time (even if you cannot claim causality) they are said to be “concomitant,” a word meaning “occurring at the same time as something else.”  Think of it as meaning “sharing the same company (-comitant) with (con-) something else.”

The key trait emphasized in this sentence is Aaron’s tendency to continue to speak.  Therefore, he is not known for brevity.  “Silence” is too strong of an option, and the other wrong answers bring to bear some other character trait.  The word “breviloquence” is a rare English word, but its parts can be discerned.  The “brevi-” portion is clearly related to the word “brevity” or “brief.”  The second half “-loquence” comes from the Latin for “to speak” and is found in other words like “eloquent,” “elocution,” and “colloquy.”  Therefore, “breviloquence” means “being brief in speech.”

Since the sentence does not indicate any specific means by which the water was being supplied, the best option will be the one that is most general, only implying the general function of “carrying water.”  The word “aquifer” is derived from Latin roots literally meaning “water carrying.”  The “aqui-” portion clearly indicates water as is evident in related words like “aquarium” and “aquatic.”  The “-fers” portion comes from the base for “to carry,” found in “differ” (lit. to carry away from something else) and “transfer” (lit. to carry across).

The specific sense that we are looking for in our word is that of forgiveness and mercy.  While Albert’s act is perhaps pious and generous, it most certainly is “clement,” a word meaning “lenient or merciful.”  When we say that there is “inclement weather,” we generally mean that it is particularly nasty, as though it were unforgiving.

Clearly, the mother in question is neither stealing nor succeeding to the throne.  However, insofar as she is ruling, she is doing so as a replacement for the king.  A person filling such a role is called the “regent.”  Such regency is undertaken in any case where the normal ruler is not fit to assume responsibilities (e.g. because of age, illness, or perhaps being off at war and out of communication).  The word is related to the Latin “regere,” meaning “to rule.”  Related words in English include “regal,” “reign,” and “interregnum.”

A number of the options presented as answers to this question are tempting, as they seem to apply to the case of the textbook being considered. Certainly, the new textbook would represent or declare the scientist’s work. These are all insufficient, when one notes the key expression, “after forty years.” The implication is that the textbook is the summary or “high point” of a long process of work. A “culmination” is the pinnacle or high point of some process, often implying that such a process took significant time to complete. It comes Latin roots meaning “summit.”

A “reverie” is a state of daydreaming.  When the term is used to describe a type of music, it implies that the music is meant to invoke the feeling of such a dreamy state.  The other options either exceed the implications of the sentence (“dementia” and “lunacy”) or do not capture this sense of dreaming (“discussion” and “discourse”). 

The key thing to note in reading this sentence is that the shirt is functioning to stop bleeding at its source. Although a bandage or strap might do this, a tourniquet is the best choice because this is explicitly a device used for stopping the flow of blood by constricting the vessel through which it is flowing.