When converting a linear sugar to its ring form, a bond is formed between the oxygen attached to carbon 5 and the carbon at position 1. All hydroxyl groups that are not attached to the carbon in position 1 and are oriented to the right end up trans to the  attached to carbon 5, while those that are in the left position end up cis to the  attached to carbon 5.

If the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 ends up trans to the  attached to carbon 5, the ring structure is considered alpha. If the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is cis to the  attached to carbon 5, the ring structure is considered beta.

The alpha ring structure of D-glucose bonds the carbon 1 hydroxyl group trans to the carbon 5  group. The hyroxyl groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 will be trans, cis, and trans with respect to the .

When converting a linear sugar to its ring form, a bond is formed between the oxygen attached to carbon 5 and the carbon at position 1. All hydroxyl groups that are not attached to the carbon in position 1 and are oriented to the right end up trans to the  attached to carbon 5, while those that are in the left position end up cis to the  attached to carbon 5.

If the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 ends up trans to the  attached to carbon 5, the ring structure is considered alpha. If the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is cis to the  attached to carbon 5, the ring structure is considered beta.

The alpha ring structure of D-galactose bonds the carbon 1 hydroxyl group trans to the carbon 5  group. The hyroxyl groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 will be trans, cis, and cis with respect to the .

When converting a linear sugar to its ring form, a bond is formed between the oxygen attached to carbon 5 and the carbon at position 1. All hydroxyl groups that are not attached to the carbon in position 1 and are oriented to the right end up trans to the  attached to carbon 5, while those that are in the left position end up cis to the  attached to carbon 5.

If the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 ends up trans to the  attached to carbon 5, the ring structure is considered alpha. If the hydroxyl group attached to carbon 1 is cis to the  attached to carbon 5, the ring structure is considered beta.

The alpha ring structure of D-mannose bonds the carbon 1 hydroxyl group trans to the carbon 5  group. The hyroxyl groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 will be cis, cis, and trans with respect to the .

The structure pictured is mannose because the hydroxyl groups at carbons 2, 3, and 4 are situated cis, cis, and trans (respectively) to the  attached to carbon 5.

The mannose pictured is in alpha form because the hydroxyl group at carbon 1 is trans to the  attached to carbon 5.

The chiral carbon farthest away from carbon 1 is designated as "D" if its hydroxyl group is on the right side in the Fischer projection. In other words, this is D-glucose because the hyroxyl group on carbon "x" is oriented to the right.

The structure is D-ribose because it is a five-carbon aldose with the hydroxyl groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 all on the right in the Fischer projection.

All of these statements are true. A carbohydrate is said to have a "D" conformation in its acyclic form when the alcohol group on the carbohydrate's top stereocenter is on the right side in a Fischer projection. Most carbohydrates that we deal with in organic chemistry are aldoses, which means that they contain an aldehyde. The anomeric carbon is the site of attachment from one monosaccharide to another, and can be used to create polysaccharides.

Stereochemistry from second to fifth carbon is R, S, S, R, which indicates D-galactose. The Haworth structure is a six-membered ring, so the molecule is in its pyranose form. The molecule has its anomeric hydroxyl group pointing down, so it's the alpha anomer.

Stereochemistry from second to fifth carbon is R, S, R, R, which indicates D-glucose. The Haworth structure is a five-membered ring, so the molecule is in its furanose form. The molecule has its anomeric hydroxyl group pointing down, so it's the alpha anomer.

A reducing sugar contains a hemiacetal/hemiketal group which means that in its open chain form it contains a ketone/aldehyde group. Sugars containing a free aldehyde group can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid, while sugars containing a free ketone group must be tautomerized to an aldehyde group through an ene-diol intermediate (shown below), and this can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid.

Reducing sugars are detectable with the formation of either a precipitate or a solution color change after addition of Tollens' Reagent, Benedict's solution, or Fehling's solution.