People receiving chemotherapy should flush the toilet twice after use for at least 48 hours to avoid exposing anybody else to the byproducts of the chemotherapy drugs. Wearing gloves when preparing foods, throwing away linens, using excessive bleach, and drinking bottled water are not necessary and do not significantly reduce risk to others. 

Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic agent. Levofloxacin is an antibiotic, lamotrigine is a mood stabilizer, gabapentin is an anti-epileptic agent, and furosemide is a diuretic. 

When caring for a patient receiving internal radiation, the length of exposure to the radiation is a high priority for the nurse. It is important to rotate staff who care for the patient, limiting close contact to 30 minutes per 8 hour shift. Additionally, it is important to organize tasks so limited time is spent in the client’s room. Visitors must also be limited. Pregnant women should not be assigned to work with this client. The patient must be on bedrest while sealed sources of radiation are placed. It is also important not to stand close to the radioactive source.

All of the above are proven risk factors with the exception of mouthwash use. Poor dental care, prolonged present irritation (such as excessive flossing), tobacco and alcohol use, infection with certain strains of HPV, and an unbalanced diet can increase the risk of oral cancer. 

The Philadelphia chromosome, which is an abnormality in chromosome 22, is most often found in bone marrow cells of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. It may also occasionally be found in acute lymphocytic leukemia, though this is rare.

Reed-Sternberg cells are the pathognomonic cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These are mutated multinucleated B cells with a large amount of cytoplasm. These cells can be present in other pathologies - the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma can only be made if the Reed-Sternberg cells are in the presence of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils.

Bence-Jones proteins are present in the urine of over 60% of multiple myeloma patients.Albumin may be present in the urine of these patients, but it is not pathognomonic for multiple myeloma. Alpha-synuclein is associated with neurodegenerative conditions, and tau 64 is a protein present in the neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The most common symptom of Hodgkin's lymphoma is the painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. 

Unexplained weight loss and fatigue may also be present, but are more likely to present later than lymph node enlargement. Bone pain and easy bruising are not typically seen.

In prostate cancer, patients will have elevated levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) is elevated in ovarian cancer, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma, and tyrosinase is an enzyme that is often highly elevated in malignant melanoma.

Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells, limiting the ability of the body to fight infection. Patients with leukemia exhibit altered leukocyte counts (less than ), as well as ulcerations of the mouth and throat, pneumonia, septicemia, anemia, fatigue, lethargy, weakness, pallor, weight loss, headache, disorientation, and forms of bleeding, including bleeding gums, ecchymosis, petechiae, and retinal hemorrhaging. Patients with leukemia do not usually exhibit weight gain (usually loss), high red blood cell counts (usually anemic), and flushing (usually pallor).