EBV infection is common in Burkitt lymphoma. In malaria-endemic areas, it is thought that the cancer is actually caused by chronic malarial infection increasing a person's susceptibility to chronic EBV infection. The same is assumed about HIV co-infection with EBV in the United States.

None of the other infections listed are associated with Burkitt lymphoma.

The proper intervention for a lesion on the nose should include complete excision of the lesion to send for biopsy to discover the extent and type of skin lesion. It may require additional treatment in the form of topical chemotherapy drugs or further surgery depending on the pathological findings. Wide excision to fascia may be reserved for more invasive skin cancers such as malgnant melanoma after an initial biopsy has been performed. Lesions that have been present for longer than 6 months should be biopsied as a general rule, although some practitioners may biopsy sooner with increased suspicion of omnious looking lesions. 

The Philadelphia chromosome is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

The correct answer is "Medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma," as these are the cancers most commonly associated with MEN2A (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) Syndrome, a familial cancer syndrome that predisposes to development of numerous cancers in patients generally at younger ages that would be expected. One should have an index of suspicion for such a familial cancer syndrome when evaluating a patient with a new cancer who has a family history of similar cancers that are known to be associated with familial cancer syndromes. 

Medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal adenomas are seen in patients with MEN2B Syndrome, not MEN2A.

Medullary thyroid cancer, parathyroid adenoma, and islet cell tumors of the pancreas are not seen together in a particular cancer syndrome. Parathyroid adenomas, islet cell tumors of the pancreas, and pituitary adenomas are seen in patients with MEN1 Syndrome though.

Medullary thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, and gastric cancer are not seen together in a particular cancer syndrome. Colorectal cancer, uterine cancer, and gastric cancer are known to be associated with Lynch Syndrome, also known as Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome though.

Medullary thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, and anal cancer are not seen together in a particular cancer syndrome. Head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma), and anal cancer are all known to be associated with alcohol and tobacco use among other risk factors.

The most likely diagnosis in this patient is pheochromocytoma. A pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises within the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytomas can secrete norepinephrine and/or epinephrine, which can lead to symptoms of sympathetic activation. Patients with pheochromocytomas may experience palpitations, hypertension, headaches, fatigue, flushing, sweating, nausea, anxiety, and flank pain, among other symptoms. The workup for pheochromocytoma includes 24-hour urine catecholamines and metanephrines, as these would be elevated in a patient with a pheochromocytoma.

For the patient in this vignette, he/she complains of a number of symptoms that are consistent with a pheochromocytoma, and the elevated 24-hour urine catecholamines and metanephrines has a high sensitivity and specificity for pheochromocytoma, so this is the most likely diagnosis. 

Panic attacks and generalized anxiety disorder may present with similar symptoms to a pheochromocytoma, but would not account for the elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines. 

Amphetamine abuse and cocaine abuse may present with some similar symptoms to a pheochromocytoma, but would not account account for the elevated urine catecholamines and metanephrines, and also would have appeared in the urine drug screen. The urine drug screen in this patient was within normal limits. 

Approximately 60% of patients diagnosed with Lambert-Eaton syndrome have an underlying cancer, most often small cell lung cancer. Lambert-Eaton syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the release of neurotransmitter is not permitted due to antibodies against the presynaptic calcium channels. This results in muscle weakness in the limbs. The other conditions listed are not associated with any respiratory cancers.

Helicobacter pylori is present in the stomach of 60% of individuals with gastric cancer. Cancer in these cases may be caused by chronic inflammation at the site of infection, resulting in metaplasia.

Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli are all common causes of gastroenteritis but are not associated with malignancy.

Smoking, obesity, and high blood pressure are among the most common risk factors for development of renal cell carcinoma. Other risk factors include genetic susceptibility, diuretic use, and male gender. Alcohol consumption has not been associated with increased rates of renal cell cancer.

Renal cell carcinoma can cause hypercalcemia, due to secretion of PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein).

SIADH and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome are both associated with small-cell lung cancer, while polymyositis is associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Multiple myeloma is caused by metaplasia of plasma cells. No other white blood cell type is typically metaplastic, though abnormal plasma cell accumulation in bone marrow does interfere with the synthesis of all other blood cell types.