Explanation:

The correct answer is "Take 1-2 tablets of calcium carbonate every 3-6 hours as needed for heartburn symptoms, and if you experience symptoms more frequently or severely, return to clinic." This answer is correct because in this patient's case, he is an apparently healthy 40-year old male whose only complaint is very infrequent heartburn that occurs in response to specific trigger foods and drinks (spicy foods and alcoholic beverages). In a patient who experiences mild to moderate heartburn, or acid reflux, symptoms infrequently, meaning less than 3 times per week, the appropriate initial recommendation is to take over-the-counter calcium carbonate tablets as needed, as these will directly neutralize the excess acid in the distal esophagus and stomach. For the majority of patients with infrequent heartburn brought on by known trigger foods and beverages, this will be sufficient to provide symptomatic relief. 

It is inappropriate in a patient with infrequent heartburn who has not yet tried (and failed) calcium carbonate to initiate ranitidine or omeprazole treatment, as these are more potent methods to suppress intrinsic stomach acid production, and are not necessarily required to provide symptomatic relief for these patients. If the patient in this example was experiencing more frequent heartburn, more severe heartburn, or heartburn that was not adequately controlled by calcium carbonate, then ranitidine or omeprazole would be reasonable options. 

The best initial treatment option for a patient with heartburn is not acetaminophen, an over-the-counter analgesic. Heartburn is caused by reflux of acidic gastric contents into the distal esophagus. The best initial treatment for an acute episode of heartburn is calcium carbonate, as this will directly neutralize the acid that is causing symptoms, and provide symptomatic relief for most patients. 

It would be inappropriate to send this patient immediately to the emergency room as he is not currently experiencing heartburn symptoms, his symptoms are highly consistent with heartburn (as opposed to a cardiac etiology), given that they are brought on only infrequently and directly in response to trigger foods and beverages. If the patient was actively complaining of chest pain, and more concerning aspects of his pain were elicited that suggested a cardiac etiology, then an immediate referral to an emergency department would be a more valid consideration.

Explanation:

There are many foods not to be ingested just prior to FOBT, prunes are fine to eat. Red meat, broccoli, cantaloupe, beets, turnips, carrots, horseradish and several others may alter the test results and should be avoided before a FOBT. 

Explanation:

Diverticulitis is the most common cause of lower GI bleeds. Peritonitis and bowel obstruction are possible complications, but not most commonly associated with diverticulitis. Renal failure and severe diarrhea are not complications of diverticulitis.

Explanation:

This patient is experiencing signs of appendicitis, which include periumbilical abdominal pain (usually originating in the right lower quadrant), anorexia, nausea, vomiting, localized tenderness, muscle guarding, and a low-grade fever. Appendicitis is frequently diagnosed in young children and young adults with these symptoms and a white blood cell count from . The nurse should be most concerned if the pain has suddenly ceased, which may be a sign of perforation, which is an emergency due to hemorrhage and infection risks.

Explanation:

Without treatment, appendicitis can lead to peritonitis or perforation. Typical signs and symptoms of appendicitis include periumbilical abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, localized tenderness, muscle guarding, and low-grade fever. The normal WBC count for a patient with appendicitis ranges from . The nurse caring for a patient with appendicitis should always be aware of particularly concerning signs or symptoms of peritonitis, especially those that differ from established baseline signs and symptoms. Many of the symptoms of appendicitis may be apparent with peritonitis, especially tenderness, fever, and white blood cell counts. When assessing for peritonitis, the nurse should specifically look for abdominal rigidity/distention, rebound tenderness, increased/severe abdominal pain, ascites, increased temperature, increased leukocytosis, and paralytic ileus.

Explanation:

Hepatitis B has a long incubation period. From the time of initial infection, symptoms might take from 1-6 months to appear. 

Explanation:

Hepatitis A is a generally benign, self-limiting disease that does not develop into a chronic hepatitis. It also cannot exist in a carrier state. Once the virus is cleared by the immune system, the individual will no longer carry the virus or be infectious to others.

Explanation:

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted via blood, vaginal secretions, and semen. While the virus is often present in saliva, it is not generally spread by sneezing, kissing, or sharing utensils (unless there are oral abrasions resulting in a mutual exchange of blood). The virus does not have fecal-oral transmission.

Explanation:

NPO means is a latin phrase meaning nothing by mouth. This order is used when a patient is not allowed to eat or drink any substances, usually due to a disturbance within the GI tract or if they are scheduled for a surgery. NPO orders are common in the ICU and surgical setting.

Explanation: Crohn's disease is an indicator for a low-residue, low-fiber diet. The diet should include foods that are unlikely to obstruct the intestinal tract if narrowed by inflammation or scarring, or if gastrointestinal motility is slowed.