Long bones are lengthened during childhood and adolescence via a process referred to as endochondral ossification. In this process, chondrocytes of the growth plate hypertrophy and eventual die, leaving cavities that are then colonized by osteoprogenitor cells. These osteoprogenitor cells then differentiate into osteoblasts, which mineralize the newly forming bone. None of the other answers are actual processes in bone formation or physiology.

In adults, hematopoietic bone marrow is generally confined to the flat bones, including the sternum, the skull, the ribs, and the pelvis. Hematopoietic bone marrow also exists in the proximal end of the femur in most adults, but is not generally found in the tibia or fibula. 

Muscle attaches to bone via tendons, fibrous extensions of the sheath of the muscle body that are primarily composed of tightly packed collagen fibers. In comparison, ligaments attach bones to other bones without involvement with a muscle, such as the ligaments between the metacarpals of the wrist. Sutures are fibrous joints of the cranium, and hyaline cartilage is at the point of articulation of many bones but it is neither incorporated into muscle structure, nor does it attach to the bone with which it articulates. Rather, articular cartilage primarily serves to allow bones to glide more easily over each other during movement.

The individual contractile unit of a muscle fibril is referred to as the sarcomere. These units are made of actin and myosin filaments and joined by Z-lines. The sliding filament theory refers to the idea that muscle contraction is the result of myosin strands within the fibril pulling themselves along actin strands similar to pulling on a rope, which shortens the whole sarcomere. The sarcolemma is the specialized cell membrane around the muscle fibril, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum found within the muscle cell.

The largest unit of muscle tissue is the fascicle. Each fascicle is made up of a bundle of muscle fibers, and every muscle fiber is made up of many fibrils (called myofibrils).  

The muscle body is encased in a fibrous elastic sheath called the epimysium (epi meaning on or above and mys meaning muscle). It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with tendon fibers. The perimysium surrounds muscle fascicles, while the endomysium surrounds muscle fibers.

Isometric muscle contraction are those in which the tension in the muscle increases, but the muscle does not change length, nor does the angle of the joint change. An example would be attempting to push or lift an object that is too heavy to move. This is in contrast to isotonic contraction, in which muscle tension remains constant, but the muscle length and joint angle both change.

The A band in the sarcomere is created by the bipolar myosin filaments, joined at the M band. During contraction, the heads of the myosin filaments bind with the actin filament and pull it toward the M band at the center of the sarcomere. The myosin filaments do not themselves change length, and because of that the width of the A band does not change during contraction.

According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, ATP binds to the myosin head and is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate. The energy released during this change draws the myosin head back into a high energy state, from which it is able to bind with actin and execute its "power stroke," leading to muscle contraction. ADP and inorganic phosphate then are released from the myosin head and replaced by a new molecule of ATP, which allows the myosin head to detach from the actin binding site.  

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, branching cells that are linked by structures called intercalated discs. These discs are composed of gap junctions, which allow the free passage of electrical signaling between heart cells, and very strong attachment points called desmosomes.