The blastula, or blastocyst, is made up of blastomere cells and a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. 

There are two regions of the blastocyst: the inner cell mass and the trophoblast. The inner cell mass gives rise to the primitive endoderm and the epiblast, which later gives rise to the three germ layers during gastrulation. The trophoblast is the layer of cells forming the outer ring of the blastocyst. It secretes factors to make the blastocoel and is kept separate from the inner cell mass. All fetal structures eventually develop from the inner cell mass, while the trophoblast helps maintain the fetal environment and placenta.

The blastula consists of a hollow sphere of cells (blastomeres) surrounding an inner fluid cavity called the blastocoel. There are two regions of the blastula: the inner cell mass (embryoblast) and the trophoblast. The inner cell mass gives rise to the primitive endoderm and epiblast, serving as the site of the developing embryo. The trophoblast cells form the outer ring of the blastocyst and combine with the maternal endometrium to form the placenta.

The inner cell mass, or embryoblast, gives rise to the cells that become the fetus.

A blastula is a sphere of cells (blastomeres) surrounding a fluid blastocoele. The blastula stage of embryogenesis begins with the appearance of the blastocoel. The blastocoel is a fluid filled cavity that contains amino acids, proteins, growth factors, and other components neccessary for cellular differentiation. The blastocoel allows blastomeres to move during gastrulation.

A morula is a solid ball of cells within the zona pellucida and is a precursor to the blastula.

Oxygen diffuses from maternal blood to fetal blood through the placenta. Within the womb, the lungs are not able to work properly and so blood is rerouted through the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus. The liver is also underdeveloped, and not ready to perform the functions it will do in adulthood. The placenta takes over for the liver during gestation, and so blood is shunted away from the liver by the ductus venosus. This prevents oxygen that could be useful in other places from being wasted in the liver.

The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in order to bypass the lungs, since the fetal lungs are not active.

The foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, serving as another method to bypass the lungs. The ductus venosus shunts blood away from the fetal liver. There is no shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, and there is no shunt from the left atrium to the right atrium.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a rare conditon in which the mother's anti-Rh antibodies enter the fetal bloodstream and attach to fetal erythrocytes. If not caught, it can result in "blue-baby syndrome." Erythroblastosis is only present in patients negative for the Rh factor, and carrying Rh positive fetuses. 

A pregnancy consists of three trimesters, each of which is approximately 12 weeks. The fetus's heart, brain, spinal cord, and other organs begin to form in approximately the fifth week of pregnancy—in the first trimester.

The mesoderm gives rise to the muscles among other structures. The other answers are derived from the ectoderm or endoderm.

Many of the glandular structures—both exocrine and endocrine—arise from endoderm. In particular, both the thyroid and parathyroid glands bud off from the pharyngeal mucosa, which of course is endodermal in character. Of course, like all tissues, there are mesodermal components of the gland in the way of connective tissues and blood vessels. The response indicating a mesodermal component invites you to make a wrong selection because you could remember that there are mesodermal-derived tissues everywhere, but you could not specifically recall the origin of the thyroid tissue, itself.  

The correct answer is cytoderm.

There are three major germ layers formed during gastrulation: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Major structures form from these germ layers over the course of embryogenesis and development.