Most of the incorrect options for this question go far beyond what can be inferred from the context of the sentence. We are only told that the lamp makes the room "visible." Indeed, its small size is contrasted to the amount of visibility it makes possible. Lamps provide visibility by providing light—that is, by providing "illumination." The other options all imply something else that might or might not be the case.

The only thing implied by this sentence is that the scientists want to set up some means of sending messages or signals to the Mars station. The only really tempting wrong answer should be "substations," but this word really applies to electrical grids, not communications. The word "transmit" means send across—as in to "send across the airwaves" or, in our case, the "space." The prefix "trans-" means across, as is seen in words like "translate" and "transfer." The "-mit" portion is related to the "miss-" found in "mission."  A mission is a "sending" of someone for a purpose.

Be careful not to assume too much with regard to the means by which the country apparently made changes regarding animal rights. Since there are two options that are very close in meaning, "legislation" and "regulation," you should immediately be suspicious that such answers are not correct. Indeed, they are not, for we have no information that can justify choosing one over the other. The most we can say is that the country went from stagnation with regard to animal rights—that is, from doing nothing with regard to it—to protecting some animals. Such a change is some sort of "progress", even if we do not know the exact means of that progress.

The sentence tells you that the United States was a “young nation” which suggests that the nation was in its “infancy.” “Infancy” means the quality of being an infant and an “infant” is a baby. To provide further help, “truancy” is absence; “latency” is hidden potential; “supremacy” means dominance; “adequacy” means being sufficient, being good enough. 

We know that Katie's coat can be worn in a variety of different ways, so we should pick out a noun that reflects its range of uses. "Honesty" has nothing to do with the sentence, and neither does "geniality" ("friendliness") or "cooperation." We can tell from the sentence's context that the coat is not simple because it can be worn in so many different ways, so that leaves us with "versatility." Since "versatility" means "the ability to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities," it fits the sentence's context perfectly and is the correct answer.

"Candor" means frankness, or the quality of being honest in expression. After the disappointment of dishonest candidates, someone with "candor," or honesty, would be refreshing.

Because the juggler was able to "[keep] six sharp knives twirling in the air without injuring himself," we can infer that he was very nimble. So, we need to pick out a noun that means something like "nimbleness." "Strength" and "speed" might each look like a potentially correct answer, but the best answer choice is "dexterity," a noun which means "skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands," or in other words, "readiness and grace in physical activity; especially : skill and ease in using the hands." So, because "dexterity" best describes the juggler's skill, "dexterity" is the correct answer.

The sentence tells us that Alan dropped his pack down some kind of hole or other type of chasm that prevented him from retrieving it. The answer choice must be close in meaning to "gap" or "hole," and is therefore a “crevice,” which means a gap or hole in the ground. To help you, "edification" means education that improves a person, a "commuter" is someone who travels from where they live to another town or city or into a nearby city to work, "jetsam" is material that has been thrown from a ship into the sea and washed up on shore, and an "armada" is a massive fleet of ships belonging to a military.

Do not assume anything more than what the sentence states. The room is said to be "dim." By placing light bulbs in the room, John would help make the room brighter. This would improve the lack of brightness, i.e. the lack of "illumination." The word "illumination" comes from the Latin for light—"lumen." When something is "luminous," it is bright and shining. (Also, lightbulbs are measured in "lumens" in addition to watts. Lumens indicate how much light they produce, whereas watts indicate their power consumption. Go ahead, look at a lightbulb box!)

The word "both" is a hint that the word we are looking for is an opposite of "praise," and the answer choice that is the best opposite of "praise" is "criticism," which means disapproval or censure.