The removal of the jacks removes two black cards and two red cards from the deck; replacement with the four queens from another deck adds two black cards and two red cards. The number of black cards and the number of red cards remain the same, so the probabilities remain equal.

For the sum of the dice to be 5 or less, one of the following rolls must be thrown:

(1,1). (1,2), (2,1), (1,3), (2,2), (3,1), (1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1)

This makes 10 out of 36 rolls. Since one-fourth of 36 is 9, the probability of throwing a 5 or less is greater than .

26 of the 53 cards are black (the joker counts as neither).

Half of 53 is 

26 is less than this, so black cards comprise less than half the deck, and the probability of drawing a black card is less than .

Probability involves part over whole. Therefore, you must find the total number of markers, which is 20. Then, combine all of the markers that are not red , which gives you 17. Put 17 over 20 to get

The green deck, having had all of its hearts removed, has thirty-nine cards; one of the hearts removed is a two, so there are three of the four twos left. The probability of a card drawn from the green deck being a two is .

The blue deck, being complete, has fifty-two cards, including all four of its twos. The probability of a card drawn from the blue deck being a two is .

The two probabilities are equal.

Box #1 contains five green marbles and fifteen marbles overall; a marble randomly drawn from this box will be green with probability 

Box #2 contains ten green marbles and forty marbles overall; a marble randomly drawn from this box will be green with probability 

, 

so (A) is greater.

Box #1 has eight green marbles out of eighteen marbles total; the probability that a randomly drawn marble is green is .

Box #2 has sixteen red marbles out of thirty-six marbles total; the probability that a randomly drawn marble is green is .

The two probabilities are equal.

The yellow deck has four sixes out of forty-eight cards; the probability of drawing a six at random is .

The gray deck has four sixes out of fifty-two cards; the probability of drawing a six at random is .

Between two fractions with the same numerator, the fraction with the lesser denominator is the greater, so . (A) is greater.

Since there are 30 marbles that are not blue and 15 that are blue, this makes 30 unfavorable outcomes to 15 favorable outcomes. This makes the odds against this favorable outcome, in fraction form:

, 

or 2 to 1 odds.

There are 45 marbles that are neither blue nor green, and twenty-five marbles that are blue or green, so the odds against drawing a blue or green marble are 45 to 25, or

That is, 9 to 5 odds against.