Cranial nerves IX and X, as well as the inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses pass through the jugular foramen, while cranial nerve VII passes through the internal auditory meatus.

Purkinje cells are found in the cerebellum, and are not part of the cardiac conduction system. All other answer choices are part of the cardiac conduction system, which terminates in the Purkinje fibers.

The epidermis does not have direct blood supply; all nutrients that feed cells within the epidermis come from the dermis. The hypodermis lies beneath the dermis and consists of loose connective tissue such as fat. The hypodermic layer also contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and sweat glands. 

The lesser occipital nerve comes from the cervical plexus. The mental and buccal nerves come from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, the infratrochlear nerve comes from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the infraorbital nerve comes from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. The alar ligament connects the odontoid process of cervical vertebra 2 (C2), also known as the axis, to the occipital bone. The nuchal ligament spans from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C7. Although the internal and external carotid arteries supply blood to structures in the cervical spine, the do not pass through the transverse foramina.

The five major branches of the facial nerve are (in order from superior to inferior): Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, and Cervical. (A helpful mnemonic: The Zebra Bit My Cookie)

Distal to the stylomastoid foramen (extracranially) the facial nerve also branches to the digastric muscle as well as the stylohyoid muscle. The facial nerve also gives off a branch to the posterior auricular nerve which controls scalp muscles around the ear.

The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration. The oxygen-rich blood then enters the pulmonary vein and is drained into the left atrium of the heart. From the left atrium blood then enters the left ventricle where it will be ejected through the aorta. 

In contrast to the pulmonary arteries, the bronchial arteries supply nutrition to the lung themselves. The peroneal vein (aka fibular vein) helps carry blood from the lateral compartment of the leg.

The axillary nerve, along with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein, pass through the quadrangular space. The quadrangular space boundaries consist of the teres minor muscle, the surgical neck of the humerus, the superior margin of the teres major, and the long head of the triceps brachii.

The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior, and only has motor function. Although the musculocutaneous nerve provides cutaneous sensation to the lateral forearm, it also innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles. The tibial nerve innervates the hamstrings (except the biceps femoris short head) and provides sensation to the plantar surface of the foot (via the plantar nerves). The saphenous nerve provides cutaneous sensation to the medial lower extremity, and does not have any motor function

The celiac trunk (which comes off the abdominal aorta) divides into the splenic, common hepatic, and left gastric arteries. The splenic artery, is large and highly tortuous. It gives off the left gastroepiploic artery, some short gastric arteries, and some pancreatic branches. The common hepatic artery, gives off the proper hepatic artery, the right gastric artery, and the gastroduodenal artery. The left gastric artery gives rise to the esophageal and hepatic branches.

The gastroduodenal artery branches from the common hepatic artery where it descends behind the duodenum to divide into the right gastroepiploic and superior pancrearicoduodenal arteries.