Based on the information that we are provided, we can say nothing about Peter's general attitude to translations, nor his native tongue. While translations are rarely faithful to original texts, this does not mean that they always are unfaithful. Because of this, we can say that there is a decent likelihood that the translation of Peter's poetry caused him to be angered; however, we cannot go so far as to say that it must have done so. Perhaps this translation was faithful.

At least based on the information that we are given, we must say that all painful bushes are avoided. (Remember, follow the argument formally, not necessarily common sense. This is only a matter of logical form). If Bob saw a briar, we can also say that he saw a painful bush. Since he saw a painful bush, he must have avoided it (since all such bushes are always avoided). Thus, the answer to this question is, "Bob avoided the briar."

Since Brandon thinks that most tablecloths are ugly, there is at least a good chance that Maria's gift will be deemed ugly by Brandon. It is not guaranteed, so we cannot state that he will necessarily believe it to be ugly. Since we are told that the sight of ugly things makes Brandon depressed, the reception of a tablecloth risks Brandon seeing an ugly thing and hence becoming depressed; therefore, the best we can say (among the answers provided, at least) is that Brandon is likely to be depressed.

Do not be fooled by this simple question. While all refineries are profitable, we cannot say that all profitable things are refineries. Thus, while the new plant at Ralton is profitable, we have no idea what kind of plant it is. The best we can say is that it will pay a lot of taxes (at least based on the information with which we have been provided). All of the other answers either infer too much or are indeed quite off the mark.

Since Peter is taller than William, who is taller than Sally, we can say that Peter is taller than Sally. We can say nothing at all about Henry's height in comparison with that of Sally. We can say that he is shorter than William and Peter (since William is shorter than Peter). Beyond that, we can say nothing more specific.

Although we are told that Larry loves to program at night, we are not told that this is the only thing that he loves to do; therefore, when we are told that he loves what he is doing right now, we cannot conclude that he is programming at night. Likewise, we can say nothing about his soda consumption—one way or the other. While we cannot say that he is drinking soda at night, we likewise cannot say that he is not drinking soda. Perhaps he loves going to the movies and is doing that right now—all the while gulping down a large soda.

Since we know both that some men are strong and that Luca is a man, we can say that there is a chance that Luca is strong. Now, if he is strong, there is a slim likelyhood that he will be able to smash bricks with his head; however, note that this is a rarity based upon a mere probability (some men, a few strong). We cannot say much with certainty regarding Luca's strength. Still, we can at least admit that he is potentially strong.

Let us rewrite this question in quasi-mathematical terms. The following is certain:

Allen > Sally > Jim

However, regarding Malinda, we do not know if her doubling of Sally's expenditure is necessarily more than that of Allen's or less. Perhaps Allen spent five times what Sally did. Perhaps Allen does indeed spend less than Malinda. We are not told! Thus, the most that we can say is that Jim spent less than Malinda. Perhaps this is a boring conclusion, but logic requires us to conclude in this way!

We cannot be too strong in our claim regarding Lawrence, for he neither necessarily sleeps in late nor is he necessarily unproductive (given the information here, at least). Still, it is asserted that often lazy people sleep in, and that people who sleep in almost always run the risk of unproductivity. Thus, it is fair to say that Lawrence does risk being unproductive, even if we are not sure whether or not he necessarily is so.

You cannot reach any of the specific conclusions provided here. We are told nothing about the possibility of cars running on potatoes. Perhaps they would run so slowly that it would cause traffic problems. Maybe only ships use potatoes. We just cannot say, given our limited information. Likewise, we cannot say anything about potato-based vehicles other than the fact that they are slow. Nothing can be said about the speed of cars, given the information that we have.