Existential therapy is a humanistic therapy. It does not have a defined technique and it focuses more on existential questions (What do I want from life? How do I want to live my life? etc.) than changing any sort of cognitions or behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapies encompass Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, Meichenbaum's cognitive behavioral modification, and Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy.

Freud's theory included the Electra complex (the female version of the Oedipal Complex, where a child is sexually attracted to their opposite sex parent and is furious at their same sex parent), the Superego (one of the three parts of the personality which is the moralistic ideal of personality), and defense mechanisms (unconscious strategies people use to defend against harm, including repression, deflection, and denial). Pavlov is associated with behavioralism (specifically with conditioning in dogs). Yalom is associated with existential theory. Rogers is associated with person-centered therapy (humanistic therapy).  

REBT holds that problems arise when people believe they SHOULD or MUST be a certain way in order to get other people to accept them. Albert Ellis used crude humor to get his points across. He utilized these phrases as a way to describe these tendencies.

All of these therapists have conducted research on their theories. Freud specifically used case studies to do research. Rogers is known as the father of psychotherapy research for this groundbreaking new way of studying the therapy process. He recorded sessions and used this as material for research.

“Rorschach” is the only name associated with projective personality tests. Projective tests involve ambiguous stimuli and are believed to reveal underlying thoughts and emotions. Rorschach was a leader in developing the scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot test. “Millon” developed the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III), an objective personality test. “Hathaway” and “McKinley” are both associated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). Last, “Watson” was an American psychologist who founded behaviorism and is associated with classical conditioning.

In a double-blind protocol, both the research participants and the researchers engaging in the study are unaware of which participants are in the control group and which are in the experimental group. This actually makes subsequent meta-analysis of the double-blinded results easier, as a correctly applied double-blindness will remove any of the researcher's biases from the results.

Reliability is the ability of a measure, test, or effect to produce the same result upon repeated trials. In this case reliability was analogous to the grouping of shots on the target irrespective of the placement of the group. Validity is the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure or of a treatment to produce the effect it is purported to produce. In this case validity was analogous to the placement of shots on the target—the closer to the bull’s-eye, the more valid the shots.

In the scenario, the shots from the pistol—which hit both the target on the bull’s-eye and were grouped closely together—are valid and reliable. On the other hand, the shotgun shots—which are only grouped together but are not accurate to the bull’s-eye—are equally reliable but less valid.

Random selection allows all of the players on the team to have an equal chance of being chosen for testing. Choosing to test only players of a certain age or position, or only testing those that volunteer or have reached a certain statistical benchmark, would exclude a number of the players on the roster from having a chance to be chosen.

A false alarm is a response that says the target stimulus (in this case, the letter X) has been detected when that stimulus is not present.

The dependent variable is the item actually being measured or analyzed the support or reject the hypothesis. The dependent variable measures the effect of the independent variable.