Phonemes are the basic units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a particular language. The number of phonemes the human mouth and vocal cords can produce is limited by physiology. Within this limit, an extremely high number of morphemes can be produced.

Some languages, such as Arabic, benefit from having their phonemes developed at nearly the same time as their alphabet, so that each letter directly or almost directly corresponds to the sound it makes in the language. English uses a slightly modified form of the Latin alphabet, originally designed with Latin phonemes in mind, and thus poorly represents its 26 letters phonemically. This causes great difficulty for speakers of more phonetically aligned languages.

Semantics refers to the fact that children must learn combinations of phonemes that represent certain events, people, or objects. Pragmatics refers to the usage of different words, phrases, and slang terms. Children must learn how tone of voice and modulation can shape the meaning of a sentence. The same sentence might mean two different things in different contexts.

Semantics refers to the fact that children must learn combinations of phonemes that represent certain events, people, or objects. Pragmatics refers to the usage of different words, phrases, and slang terms. Children must learn how tone of voice and modulation can shape the meaning of a sentence. The same sentence might mean two different things in different contexts.

Wernicke's aphasia hinders one's ability to understand language. It is directly linked with damage to a particular part of the brain known as Wernicke's area. By contrast, Broca's area is linked to humans' ability to produce language. Broca's aphasia, in turn, is a diagnosis related to issues with language production, rather than comprehension.

Wernicke's area, located in the region known commonly as Brodmann 22 or at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, has been found to contribute to language comprehension. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia can speak, but not comprehend language.

In a morpheme-exchange error (morphemic error), two or more morphemes (-er, -s, -ed, etc.) exchange places. These kinds of errors often occur in children or those learning a morpheme-heavy language like English for the first time.

It is always of great help to know a large range of prefixes and suffixes when heading into standardized exams. Note that “para” means besides or outside of, therefore, paralinguistics are those vocal (excluding actual words) and non-vocal elements of communication that carry meaning. Elements of paralinguistics include pitch, rate of speech, fluency of speech, volume, and a host of signs and sounds that work to color what we are saying.

Prosody concerns itself with the elements of speech which are generated from interactions between units of language beyond phonemic elements (syllables, word play, etc.), and covers parts of language like tone, stress, and rhythm. Aprosodia, or the inability to recognize and generate these elements of speech, is often a classic sign of Asperger's Syndrome.

Kinesics is the study of all forms of nonverbal communication given by bodily motions and facial expressions, and is generally considered to be founded by Ray Birdwhistell in the 1950's. The common term "body language" was actually never used by Birdwhistell, as linguists of the day would not consider bodily expressions to meet the technical definition of a language.