Gestalt therapy was concerned with body language and therapists who practice this will often ask clients to exaggerate their body language so they can analyze it together. CBT is concerned with irrational cognitions and behaviors. Adlerian therapy focused on family and place in the family. Person-centered therapy was about building a good relationship between client and therapist. Psychoanalytic therapy focused on the unconscious and previous childhood experiences.

“Dialectical behavior therapy” is the most widely researched treatment for borderline personality disorder. It was developed by Marsha Linehan and includes 4 core components: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. On the other hand, “logotherapy” is an existential therapy developed by Viktor Frankl and focuses on finding meaning in life. “Cognitive behavioral therapy” is an effective treatment for depression and anxiety, and looks at the impact of one's thoughts on emotions and behaviors. “Rational emotive behavior therapy” was developed by Albert Ellis and focuses on modifying irrational thoughts. “Feminist therapy” emphasizes the impact of women's social roles and includes an equal relationship between therapist and client, therapist self-disclosure, and advocating for socio-political change. 

Many women with depression possess an underdeveloped hippocampus—a key component in mood stabilization. Early stress can cause the development of the hippocampus to halt; therefore, the hippocampus is unable to do its job proficiently. Over time, antidepressants may assist with neurogenesis and improve Jeanie's depression but the effects will not be felt as quickly as they might be in someone with an average sized hippocampus.

Medical researchers have long such proposed that excessive dopamine in the limbic system--leading to hyperactive, damaged connections between speech and language comprehension as well as hyperactive abnormalities of prefrontal attention--can contribute to positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 

Primary prevention refers to efforts to prevent mental illnesses before they occur. These efforts aim to increase access to quality health care, education, and parenting classes—these factors can help protect individuals against experiencing mental illness. Psychotherapy, medical interventions (e.g. medications), and group therapy are all examples of intervention, not primary prevention.

In addition to her "ten needs" theory, Karen Horney is also considered to be the founder of feminine psychology. Feminine psychology was a direct response to her disagreements with Sigmund Freud's theories of penis envy and the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis.

Phrenology was used to determine which psychological faculties a person possessed based on the bumps, divots, and shape of their skull. Phrenologists would place a person’s skull in their hand and feel for areas they believed to correspond with the brain’s functions. Phrenologists would also examine the skulls of the deceased and identify patterns in order to determine differences between male and female intelligence.

Noam Chomsky—a major figure in cognitive psychology and linguistics—challenged behavioral theories of language development, and instead argued for the idea that children possess an innate ability to acquire language. 

Kohlberg and Piaget are two theorists that studied moral development. Kohlberg described three stages of moral development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. On the other hand, Vygotsky is associated with cognitive development and the zone of proximal development. Erikson developed the psychosocial stages of development, which focus on specific crises that people encounter at each stage of life. Harlow studied contact comfort among rhesus monkeys. Bandura studied social learning theory and developed theories on observational learning and self-efficacy.

"John Locke" was the seventeenth philosopher that created the concept known as tabula rosa.  He believed that the mind was a blank slate and the experiences we have shape who we will become.