The correct answer is bistability. Bistability is a phenomenon that is observed in signaling pathways and cell commitment to one cell fate over another cell fate by differentiation, however, either cell fate is equally likely. Lateral inhibition occurs when cells signal to neighboring cells to effect a physiological change. Quiescence is a resting, non-dividing cell state. Hysteresis is the retention of a cell-state due to feedback signaling even in the absence of the initial stimulus. 

The human genome contains 20,000-25,000 genes, so, as one might expect, viral genomes are typically much smaller than this. Viral genomes can either be circular or linear, and both formats are susceptible to recombination events.

Different classes of viruses have different nucleic acid genomes. Double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, and single-stranded RNA can all be found in certain virions.

Of the three choices, only retroviruses use reverse transcription to make a DNA copy of their RNA genomes.

DNA viruses do not need to do this because their genome already consists of DNA. RNA viruses use specialized enzymes called RNA replicases to make RNA copies of their RNA genomes, and do not go through a DNA intermediate like retroviruses. 

Reverse transcriptase is used to convert RNA genomes into DNA genomes. The genome is then inserted into the host's chromosomes, where it can be transcribed numerous times to create viral proteins. Without this process, the RNA genome would have a very short-lived existence in the cell, resulting in very few viral copies.

This technique is used by retroviruses, such as HIV.

The first step in viral replication is penetration. The virus may be engulfed by the host cell or fuse with the host's membrane. The viral genetic material is released into the cytoplasm. During replication the viral genetic material is copied many times. The viral genetic material is used as a blueprint to make messenger RNA (mRNA) during the transcription stage. The mRNA is used to synthesize viral proteins. The viral genetic material and enzymes are surrounded by their protein coat during viral assembly. Finally viruses are released from the host cell by budding from the cell membrane or bursting the cell. 

All of the answers are correct. Given that viral genomes are small, the proteins that they encode must be able to execute many functions. Due to high mutation rate, many splice variants, and multiple small protein binding domains, viral proteins interact extensively with each other and host proteins. This allows viral proteins to modulate host cellular activities such as inflammation, proliferation, anti-viral response, and DNA replication/transcription/translation so that viral proteins are able to replicate and are not killed by the infected cells. 

In order the replicate its genome, a non retroviral RNA virus must use a polymerase that can use an RNA template to polymerize a complimentary RNA molecule; an RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Since no such enzyme exits in host cells, the virus must encode this enzyme itself.

Lytic viral lifecycles involve using the host's machinery to mass produce further copies of the virus.

Lysogenic lifecycles can become lytic under the right circumstances. The key difference is the time period and method of infection. In the lysogenic cycle, viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome and remains dormant, rather than becoming active immediately to generate more virions. After a period of time the viral DNA will be synthesized in large quantities, transitioning into the lytic cycle, and eventually lysing the cell.

Latent is a term used to refer to the period when a virus lays dormant within a host. Invasive is not a term commonly used to refer to a viral lifestyle. 

The lytic life cycle is the most basic life cycle for a virus. The virus injects its nucleic acid into the host, synthesizes the parts needed for new viruses using the host cell's ribosomes, assembles the viruses, and then breaks out of the host cell (lysis).

At no point in the lytic life cycle will a virus integrates its genome into the host's chromosomes. This technique is employed by viruses with a lysogenic life cycle.

Virulent viruses are those that reproduce only by the lytic cycle. It takes a bacteriophage only ~30 minutes to complete a lytic cycle. Prophages are latent forms of lysogenic bacteriophages that are incorporated into the host genome. Prophages can remain inactive within the genome through may cell divisions. Temperate viruses are those that may display lysogeny. Once a phage injects its nucleic acid into the host cell, the lytic cycle consists of two stages. In the early stage, transcription of viral genes that code for shutting down host transcription. In the late stage, viral genes are transcribed which code for capsid proteins and proteins that lyse the host cell to release the new viruses.