The correct answer uses the subjunctive mood at the beginning of the answer choice and the imperative mood at the end.  Because the prince is talking about a conditional event that hasn’t happened (and might not), we use the subjunctive “if he were king.”  And because the phrase “mandate that…” calls for the imperative mood, we use “mandate that no child go” hungry.

This sentence doesn’t feature any conditional events that would trigger the subjunctive mood or commands that would require the imperative mood, so the indicative mood “Ruthie calls” is the appropriate use of the verb. Note that “is calling” is a current, temporary event and that is an inappropriate use given that this is an event that happens every Saturday, not just “now, in the moment” as the “is + ing” form would indicate. 

In this conditional event in the past, the past subjunctive form “if he had practiced harder” sets up the proper verb usage to be followed by the past conditional “he would have given himself.”  Note that since we know that Michael did not practice harder last summer - we’re presented with the conditional “if” to start that idea - the verbs “he gave” and “he had given” are illogical as those give the meaning that those outcomes did happen, when we know that they did not.

The use of the phrase “my teacher required that” calls for the imperative mood here, and the imperative mood uses the infinitive (“to include”) form of the verb, minus “to.”  So the proper verb here is “that I include.”  Note that “will include” improperly shifts the verb tense in addition to botching the imperative mood form - this class took place last year, so a future tense is illogical.  And “had to include” is redundant, as “my teacher required” already denotes that the inclusion of a bibliography is something that had to happen.

Answer: "Jim cast his fishing rod into the water and within minutes he caught a fish."  The original sentence mixes the active voice (“Jim cast his fishing rod into the water” with the passive voice (“a fish was caught”). This sets up an unclear meaning - do we really know that “a fish was caught” means that Jim caught it?  Or did Jim cast his rod and someone else caught a fish? The correct answer uses the active voice for both verbs of the sentence: Jim cast his rod and Jim caught the fish. This makes it crystal clear what happened in the sentence.

Answer: “abide”  The sentence uses the imperative mood - the verb form that commands - to say that the student handbook mandates two things. Because of that, you should connect both verbs mandated by the handbook to the phrase “the handbook mandates that students ______”  The handbook mandates that students wear appropriate clothing. And the handbook mandates that students abide by certain rules. Note that the -ing form of the verb suggests that that is ongoing, but the mandate really conveys the idea that this is a command for all times, not a temporary, current action.

Answer: Priyanka has been learning French and taking Geometry. Notice that this sentence talks about what has happened since Priyanka started high school a month ago. The word “since” suggests that the events started recently and are still going on, and the fact that she only started school a month ago means that it is quite unlikely she has already finished learning French or taking Geometry. And the fact that both events have been occurring in the same short timeframe suggests that they should be in the same tense.  The “started recently and is still ongoing” tense is the present perfect continuous tense, constructed by has been + an -ing verb.  Therefore “Priyanka has been learning French and taking Geometry” is correct.  Note, also, that “will learn” or “will take” does not match with the time signal of “since starting high school” which means that the action started in the past, but “will” means that it will begin in the future.

Answer: “ran so swiftly that she recorded a record time”  Two choices in this problem use the passive voice “a record time was recorded” but notice that the passive voice does not directly assign the record time to Allyson. “a record time was recorded” could mean that anyone in the race set a record, leaving it unclear what really happened. And notice, also, that since the record time occurred in the past (either “was recorded” or “she recorded”), the simple past tense “ran so swiftly” is the most efficient way to say what happened - and it is the same tense as “started so quickly.”  The correct answer will use the simple past tense “ran so swiftly” and the active voice “she recorded a record time” to create a logical sequence of events and a clear meaning as to who set the record.

Answer: “to use headlights even during daylight hours and wear seat belts.” This sentence uses the imperative mood - the verb form that makes commands to say that drivers are required to do two things: 1) use headlights and 2) wear seat belts. The imperative mood uses a command (such as “requires”) plus the infinitive form of the verb (e.g. “to use”), minus the word “to.”  So you would say that “the law requires drivers to use headlights” or “the law requires drivers to wear seat belts.”  Since the law requires both things, you need “the law requires drivers to use...and wear” and only one sentence has that.  The choices that include “should” or “need to” do so redundantly and incorrectly: you wouldn’t say “the law requires drivers they need to wear” because “need to” or “should” is already conveyed by the word “requires.”

Answer: Last month, Carlton began doing his own laundry and will start flossing his teeth after every meal. In this sentence, the modifier “last month” applies to every action in the sentence, so the shift from the past tense “began” to the future tense “will start flossing” does not get the timeline right. “Will start flossing” cannot take place in the past.  Notice that the sentences about Will and Jeff take active steps to properly shift to the future: in the sentence about Will, the word “so” sets up a cause and effect situation: because Will increased his grades in the past, the result is that he will be able to go to his dream school in the future. And in the sentence about Jeff, the shift from past to future follows the same action: Jeff started an action (walking to school) and plans to keep doing that action.  In both of those sentences, also, the pronoun “he” begins a new clause (“he will be attending” and “he plans to keep doing so”) which also sets up a new timeframe.  With the sentence about Carlton, there is no pronoun to reintroduce Carlton in a new context.