A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete because they lack either a subject or a verb, or both. Dependent clauses are also fragments because they cannot stand on their own.

A run-on is created when you put two complete sentences (a subject and its predicate and another subject and its predicate) together in one sentence without separating them properly.

This is a run-on sentence. There are two sentences that are fused together missing punctuation or a contraction in order to correct it. To correct this error the sentence could be written as two separate sentences or something like, “My favorite flavor of potato chips is sour cream and onion because they are delicious.” By adding the conjunction  “because” between the two clauses it separates them correctly.

A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete because they lack either a subject or a verb, or both. Dependent clauses are also fragments because they cannot stand on their own. This sentence is missing the ending and leaves readers hanging. More information needs to be added to the sentence to correct it. An example would be, “If you want to go with me to the store tomorrow then be ready at noon.”

A sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is a compound-complex sentence. A simple sentence only has one independent clause, a compound sentence has two independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction, and a complex sentence has an independent clause and a dependent clause.

A compound-complex sentence has two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. The portion of the sentence before the comma (Susan doesn’t like going to the movies because it is loud) is an independent clause and the portion after the comma is a dependent clause (so she waits for the movie to come out on a streaming platform).

"Molly created an all natural laundry detergent that could be used for washing clothes at the age of thirteen." has a misplaced modifier. Because the modifier at the age of thirteen is adjacent to washing clothes, this sentence wrongly suggests that the washing clothes should only be done at the age of thriteen.

"Sarah saw palm trees and lizards on vacation in Florida." This sentence has a misplaced modifier. It wrongly suggests that the palm trees and lizards were on vacation.

"On vacation in Florida, Sarah saw palm trees and lizards. " This sentence does not have a misplaced modifier. This sentence correctly suggests that Sarah is on vacation in Florida. 

"Trying to fall asleep, the bed felt uncomfortably lumpy." This sentence has a dangling modifier. It wrongly suggests that the bed was trying to fall asleep.

"Before doing pluming work, the water should be turned off." This sentence has a misplaced modifier. It wrongly suggests that the pluming is doing pluming work.

When a sentence begins with a noun phrase + comma + another noun, there’s a good chance that it’s beginning with an appositive (noun used as a description) modifier. That is the case here: “a talented musician” is a description of the noun that comes after the comma, and the noun after the comma is the noun that performs the action in the verb (“John’s family proudly attended…”).  

Whenever you’re using a modifier, it must logically describe the noun that comes next to it. Here “a talented musician” is singular, describing one musician. But John’s family is more than one person, so the modifier doesn’t work. But “a talented musician, John” does work since John could logically be one talented musician. That answer corrects the singular-vs-plural logical errors in two answer choices and is therefore correct.

Note that “they were talented musicians, John’s family…” is not a modifier, since “they were talented musicians” has both a noun (they) and a verb (were). That answer choice has its own grammatical error, then, in that, you cannot simply split two clauses with only a comma.