Most mammals are unable to digest beta glycosidic bonds, such as the bonds in cellobiose and lactose. Maltose and sucrose both are connected via alpha glycosidic bonds, and can be digested by mammals.

Note: Most mammals are unable to digest lactose after infancy. It is only through a genetic mutation that many humans now are able to ingest lactose well into adulthood.

This is a fact question. A lactone is a cyclic ester, which is a ring of two or more carbon atoms and one oxygen atom with a ketone at one of the carbons adjacent to the other oxygen. Lactones are usually formed via a reaction of a carboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group or halogen atom present in the same molecule.

Maltose is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules. Mammals use the enzyme maltase to digest maltose. Lactose is a disaccharide formed from one glucose and one galactose molecule. Mammals use the enzyme lactase to digest lactose. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from one glucose and one fructose molecule. Mammals use the enzyme sucrase to digest sucrose. Mammals cannot digest cellulose because they do not have the necessary enzymes to do so in their digestive tracts.

Glycogen is a multi-branched glucose polysaccharide that functions in energy storage in animals. Its chemical formula is . In contrast, starch is a glucose polymer which functions in energy storage in plants. Glycogen is also not an artificial sweetener (synthetic sugar substitute). As stated, it is the main storage form of glucose in animals.

Beta-linked polysaccharides are tougher to break down than alpha-linked polysaccharides. This feature makes beta-linked polysaccharides a key component in the cell walls of many bacteria such as peptidoglycan. For even more added structure, beta-linked polysaccharides can also pack into tight crystalline conformations (i.e., cellulose in celery stalks). Thus, all of the answer choices are correct. 

The sugar we eat, or table sugar, is known as sucrose. It is a disaccharide made of one molecule each of glucose and fructose.

Fructose is "fruit sugar." It is a monosaccharide found in honey, fruits, and flowers. Glucose is "blood sugar." It is a monosaccharide that is (like the name suggests) found in our blood. Maltose is "malt sugar." It is a disaccharide formed from two molecules of glucose. It is found in seeds such as barley and is also produced when glucose is caramelized.

"Oligo-" is a prefix which means "few." "Poly-" is a prefix which means "many." Just as the names suggest, combining a few monosaccharides leads to the formation of oligosaccharides. In the same way, combining many monosaccharides leads to the formation of polysaccharides. 

Lactase deficiency is common in humans, particularly those of European descent. Without this enzyme, products containing the sugar lactose cannot be broken down. When lactose cannot be digested, it serves as an osmotic agent in the intestines resulting in abdominal distention and subsequent diarrhea.

Reduction of carbonyl groups in aldoses and ketoses gives sugar alcohols.

Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide. It is composed of > 10 individual units of a base sugar. On the other hand, disaccharides are composed of only two base sugars. Lactose, sucrose, and maltose are important disaccharides.