After WWII, Germany was divided between a West Germany aligned with the United States, and an East Germany aligned with the Soviet Union.

The United States and the Soviet Union divided Germany longitudinally; east-west rather than north-south.

Although the city of Berlin is in the east of Germany, and was therefore in East Germany geographically, the city itself was divided between east and west.

Bavaria and Prussia were historically independent regions that German leader Bismarck was able to unify in the 19th century.

Although Austrians are German speaking, Austria has never been part of Germany.

The Qing Dynasty had been declining in power for almost a century by the time they finally succumbed in the 1910s. The Qing Dynasty had been heavily weakened by humiliating losses to European powers and were overthrown first in 1912, and then permanently in 1917, and replaced by the Republic of China.

The Russian Revolution actually took place in two phases generally called the February/March Revolution and the October/November Revolution. The first phase of the revolution ushered the Provisional Government into power. They were soon overthrown in the October/November Revolution by the Soviets led by the Bolshevik Party and Lenin.

Sharia Law is when Islam’s most important book is the foundation of law for a society. It requires a strict adherence to the laws of Islam, and any law created by government must coincide with what the Quran says (when strict sharia law is imposed). 

Several countries adhere to sharia law or incorporate elements of it into their culture without completely applying it, including Iran, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia.

The Soviet Union, following the Russian Revolution of 1917, became the world’s first communist country.

The American occupation of Japan lasted from 1945 to 1952. It was highly successful in rebuilding and restructuring Japanese society. The occupation contributed to the emergence of Japan as an economic superpower in the second half of the twentieth century.

When the Ottoman sultan was overthrown, Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) set out to modernize Turkey, with the main goal of making Turkey completely independent from outside influences so that he could focus on reform and modernization. Though he adapted the political institutions of Western countries to Turkey's needs, he insisted on doing so in a way that would maintain Turkey's independence. Knowing that he needed to focus on building up Turkey internally, all foreign issues after the revolution were settled peacefully. 

Uganda is the only country of those listed that has not had electoral turnover since its independence. Power has been transferred through military coups or civil wars. All elections in Uganda have been won by the incumbent president. 

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the first President of Turkey and considered the founder of the Republic of Turkey. He was granted the name "Atatürk" in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks".  

The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were the two political parties that began as part of the Social Democratic party. The other options for this question are incorrect. "Dumas" are not parties or branches, but refers to legislative assemblies that worked on a state level. The Workers' Party and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (SD) refer to the overarching parties in Russia that ultimately split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. These two parties stirred up revolution and were influential in the end of Czarism.