James Watson and Francis Crick used X-ray images created by Rosalind Franklin to discover that the structure of DNA was a double helix. This discovery showed how DNA replicated itself and furthered our understanding for how genetic traits were passed from one generation to the other.

World War One was a period of great innovation in weaponry and warfare. Tanks, poison gas, trench warfare, and submarine warfare were all used for the first time during World War One. However, replaceable parts were invented more than a century earlier and were used for the first time in the Napoleonic Wars of the early nineteenth century.

Penicillin was invented by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It is an antibiotic that fights against bacterial infections. The invention of penicillin, and other antibiotics, dramatically improved mankind’s ability to resist and fight back against deadly diseases.

The invention of penicillin, by Alexander Fleming in 1928, allowed humans to fight back against bacterial infections with potency for the first time in human history. Penicillin, and other antibiotics, fight diseases that have historically devastated human populations, especially during times of war. The use of penicillin in World War Two dramatically reduced the number of casualties from diseases like influenza.

It is estimated that the global population of internet users is approximately three billion. Approximately forty percent of the global population has regular access to the internet.

Alexander Fleming is widely credited with the discovery, and his work earned him the Nobel Prize. Marie Curie was also a scientist, however she is most famous for her experiments with radiation. Mendeleev was a chemist himself, however he is most famous for developing the periodic law, which led to the periodic table. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist, however he lived far before the discovery of penicillin. Lastly DaVinci, while also a famous inventor and thinker, was similarly dead long before the discovery in question.

While ancient Egypt is famous for hieroglyphs, by the mid-1st dynasty (around 3100 BCE) Egyptian scribes developed a cursive writing system for the sake of time and accuracy.

Hieroglyphs themselves originated as logograms; symbols depicting concepts rather than sounds.

The printing press was not invented until after the ancient Egyptian language was no longer spoken.

The ancient Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphs until the imposition of Arabic as the official language in the 7th century started the decline of the original language.

Egyptian hieroglyphs were fairly standardized across all of Egypt as they were used by rulers to manage the empire.

The Olmecs were the first civilization in the Americas to invent a writing system, live in densely populated cities, and produce sculptures.

The Aztecs had a writing system, sculpture, and lived in urban centers, but centuries after the Olmecs.

The Mayans had a writing system, created sculptures, and lived in urban centers, but after the Olmecs; in fact, early Mayan civilization was probably heavily influenced by the Olmecs.

The Incans never had a writing system.

The Spanish only entered the Americas in the Middle Ages, long after the Olmecs and Mayans.

Of the mentioned works, the Epic of Gilgamesh is considered the oldest surviving one. It was produced in Mesopotamia, most likely under Ur's dynasty. All other works were written much, much later.

The nature of the geopolitical relationship between Southwest Asia and Egypt in prehistory is difficult to determine, but there was undoubtedly much trade and a flow of ideas.

While the indigenous creation of similar technology in two distinct areas and by two distinct peoples without any contact is possible, such as literacy in both Egypt and Mesoamerica, two geographically close areas with little to no natural buffers between them mean that the isolated, yet simultaneous, evolution of similar technology is doubtful, to say the least; the fact that the archaeological record shows this technology originating in south west Asia and being adopted in Egypt.

At this time, there was no large empire that spanned both geographic areas.

Some Egyptians were settlers from south west Asia, but there was undoubtedly a large, indigenous component of the Egyptian population.

If Egypt had been conquered by Mesopotamians, there would be much evidence of such conquest.