All of the answers are correct. Congress maintains significant indirect control over the bureaucracy through all of these ways. Congress, in this fashion, generally responds reactively to the bureaucracy. In other words, if something bad happens, Congress can respond in any number of ways—eliminating the offending bureaucracy, denying funding, etc.

William Howard Taft bears the distinction of being the only man in American history to have served as both President and a Supreme Court justice. A protégé and one-time political ally of Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican Taft was elected to the White House in 1909 but left after a single term following a crushing loss to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. (This loss was helped along by Roosevelt, who ran as a third party candidate against Taft after the two men had a terrible argument and broke off their political partnership and personal friendship.) Curiously enough, however, Taft had never really desired the Presidency –a naturally quiet and even shy individual, he had instead always dreamed of serving on the Supreme Court. The former President achieved his personal goal in 1921, when he was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court justice by then-President Harding – a rise beyond Taft’s wildest imaginings. As Chief Justice, Taft served with distinction until his death in 1930.

When the national government provides a state with a categorical grant, it attaches many rules as to how the money can be spent: it comes with "strings attached." Block grants, however, can be provided with very few rules; the state decides how it will use the money. None of the other answers are true.

According to Article Two, Section Two, Clause One of the Constitution, the President is "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States." However, Article One, Section Eight, Clause Eleven, specifically empowers Congress to declare war. While this has always been legally upheld, the line between "war" and a "conflict" has often been blurred, with Presidents of both parties launching military operations with no or little congressional approval.

Congress has threatened to withhold various types of funds in order to gain leverage in legal areas granted to states under the Tenth Amendment. One famous case was held up by the Supreme Court: the Reagan administration threatened to withhold ten percent of highway funds until states changed their legal drinking age to 21. This is part of a long history of power struggles between states and the federal government. Students should be familiar with the most notable cases of these power struggles throughout American history, and in that way be familiar with Federalism (including Dual Federalism and Cooperative Federalism).

Article IV (4) of the United States Constitution is concerned with addressing the relationship between the states, as well as between the states and the Federal government.

This is should be a fairly simply question, as long as you remember the difference between inter and intra: inter means “between” and intra means “within.” Thus, interstate commerce refers to business in between the states, while intrastate commerce refers to business solely within the state. The former falls under the powers of the federal government and the latter belongs to the states (this has been . . . tweaked . . . slightly by the Supreme Court and the “dormant commerce clause” but that is far beyond the scope of your course).

All of the other powers belong to the federal government, for somewhat obvious reasons: you don’t want individual states attempting to represent the US as a whole to foreign countries—that would be horribly disjointed; in order to have uniform bankruptcy laws, those laws cannot be formed in each individual state (again, oversimplified); to maintain a nation-wide defense, there has to be nationwide oversight.

The “graying of America” is a demographic term used to describe the aging of the population in contemporary times. The average age is steadily rising, as baby boomers are becoming older. This could have challenging consequences for the current young generation, because there will be less people paying into social security and more people withdrawing money.

Pork barrel legislation is the term given to the common legislative practice of elected officials gaining funding through legislature for a project that favors their home district. At its most controversial, pork barrel legislation is concerned with gaining funding for something that disproportionately affects the representative's district but is paid for by the taxes of the whole nation.

The main purpose of this question is to test the students understanding of accountability. Specifically, the difference in accountability between a parliamentary and presidential system. In a presidential democracy, all members of the legislative branch, and the president are both elected, and thus are directly voted on by citizens, making them accountable to those citizens.

While the two branches are dependent and accountable to one another, in one way or another, their relationship to the citizenry is the most fundamental aspect of their accountability.