Woodrow Wilson saw the end of World War I as an opportune time to rethink international politics. He had a masterful moment when he made his Fourteen Point plan that focused on expanding diplomacy, peace, and international trade (two countries that are strong economic partners have a better chance at diplomatic solutions when problems arise, since both sides have more to lose).  

The Fourteen Point plan also called for the establishment of the League of Nations, which Congress was not ready or willing to join. Woodrow Wilson saw the League of Nations' founding, but it was extremely weak without the United States as a member.

Together, the members of the League of Nations decided as a whole who and what threatened international security. In other words, the member-countries collectively sought to protect each other and ensure one another's security.

George Kennan made a lot of waves in Washington when he wrote the "Long Telegram".  He did not believe that a war with the Soviet Union was the answer, and he did not promote the idea of building bases in Europe.  

Kennan believed the opposite.  We did not need to have a competition with the Soviet Union over the spreading of capitalism and communism.  His policy of containment became a political phenomenon, and the basis of the Truman Doctrine as well as America's Cold War strategy until the Reagan administration.

NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, brought West Germany into the fold after Germany's division. East Germany aligned with Russia and other communist countries through the Warsaw Pact.  Germany's division right through Berlin created two massive spheres of influence - East vs. West; communism vs. democracy - until the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and Germany was officially reunified in 1990.

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), also called the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, reinforced the power of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The IAEA had been established about a decade prior to the formulation of the NPT.  The IAEA is a watchdog agency with some power, and the Non-Proliferation Treaty legitimized the IEAE's global reach.  

The NPT's creation resulted in multiple countries disbanding their nuclear weapons programs (including Brazil, South Korea, and South Africa). After the Soviet Union's collapse in the early 1990s, multiple Soviet states gave up nuclear weapons when they acquired independence (Kazakhstan and Ukraine to name a couple).

The overarching goals of the NPT is two-fold: first, to promote proper nuclear development for countries attempting to create and utilize nuclear energy for safe, moral purposes (such as generating electricity for cities). The second goal of this treaty is stop the spread of nuclear weapons, which includes reducing preexisting stockpiles of these devices.

American exceptionalism is the concept that America stands apart from the rest of the world as the prime example of a modern society.  The values represented in the Constitution and the fruitful government-citizen relationship creates a unique profile for a country - both presently and historically.  The American profile is a colossal one that has helped to spread democratic ideals across the world, and has in turn created a sense of exceptionalism within American borders, among citizens.

Isolationism involves the concept a country separating from the rest of the world, but includes that country withdrawing from the majority of global diplomacy, international trade, and foreign wars.  Isolationism does not immediately mean that a country is exceptional.

The Washington Consensus is a set of economic policies and conditionality is a set of conditions a country must meet before receiving foreign aid - both being unrelated to this question. 

Finally, unilateralism (in regards to foreign affairs) is when a country commits an act across international borders without a consensus from other affected, regional, or world powers.

In the 1970s, a massive amount of the world's untapped oil was underneath the Middle Eastern countries.  There was a gold rush decades earlier - efforts by western oil companies to take control of the oil operations and distribution.  

Multiple companies had signed the Red Line Agreement - so maybe the oil companies could be called Red Liners, but not "Blue Liners".  The answers "oil barons" and "Middle East managers" are not recognized monikers for any group of oil companies in this instance.  OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) is the organization that was formed in order to embolden and unify the countries that had massive oil reserves and minuscule authority over their own resources.  At its point of origin, OPEC consisted of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and from South America, Venezuela.  

The seven sisters is the name that was given to the Western oil companies that had established a considerable foothold in the Middle Eastern oil market.  The companies included: Standard Oil  of California, New Jersey (Exxon), and New York (Mobil); Texaco, Gulf, Royal Dutch / Shell, and BP (British Petroleum).

In order to answer this question, you simply needed to know that the Oslo Accords, while agreed to in meetings held in the US, were concerned with the relationship between the PLO and the Israeli government. The first step, and the first imposition of the Oslo Accord, was that the two organizations needed to recognize that each other even existed (in a diplomatic sense), which they had not previously, as both contended that the other were illegitimate terrorist organizations.

MAD, or mutually assured destruction, is the idea that no country would destroy itself by firing a nuclear weapon at another country armed with nuclear weapons. The attacking country would be destroyed because there would be automatic and equal retaliation from the country being attacked - mutual destruction. This means that despite all of the bravado and showing of military might, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union would launch a nuclear strike against one another, as it would spell doom for the country that launches the attack.

The period of détente is marked by agreements, treaties, and somewhat of a relaxing of hostilities between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Truman Doctrine defined American living and government as the most righteous and effective in the world, and the Soviet Union had the worst, most oppressive government and ideologies.  

The policy of containment had been enacted with the invocation of the Truman Doctrine, where America's strategy was not to engage the Soviet Union in military conflict, but rather to lead the world by example and promote growth within American borders.

Both the American and Soviet government believed that each had the proper form of government and society not just for their own respective nations, but also the world.

As the United States attempted to drive back the North Korean forces out of South Korea, General MacArthur made an arrogant play and advanced to the border of China, which provoked a massive response from the Chinese.  This conflict began in 1950, and MacArthur was removed from his post a year later.  

This was another conflict that pitted Western, democratic regimes against Eastern, communist ones. North Korea had the support of the Soviet Union while the South had the United Nations and United States.  

As the Cold War escalated, there was a series of conflicts like this one where America and the Soviet Union flexed their military might, but never fully engaged one another in combat.  These proxy wars contributed to the massive spheres of influence that formed around the world during the Cold War.  The United States and Soviet Union would test one another in several conflicts across decades, with one constantly trying to push the other to declare war.