After the end of Dual Federalism in 1937, the Federal Government continued to expand its authority by relying on grants-in-aid money to the states to encourage state governments to comply with federal standards and programs. From 1937 to the 1960s, the US entered a period called cooperative federalism, where the Federal government would pass laws requiring the state governments to act, but the Federal government would pay any costs on the states. These payments to the states are called grants-in-aid. After the 1960s, the US entered a period called regulated federalism where the Federal government continued to impose regulations or other requirements on the state governments, but it failed to pay the costs that the states incurred by complying. Instead,  the Federal government would fine or penalize states who did not comply with Federal rules and regulations. The Federal government almost never supported local politicians in state elections that would advance federal policy goals once in state office. The president sometimes used the Mass media to pressure state governments but this isn't widespread and it occurred a bit later over issues like civil rights.

When the Federal government imposes a national standard on the state governments without paying the costs for states to adhere to the standard, the federal government imposes an unfunded mandate on the states. Grants-in-aid refers to money that the Federal government pays to the state governments in order to help they comply with Federal rules and regulations. Formula grants are grants where the government uses a precise mathematical formula to determine how much to give to recipients. Ex post facto grants are not a real thing; it is a nonsense answer.

When the Federal government threatens to withhold funds to force states to comply with its priorities, like the national seed limit, the federal government relies on a tactic that characterizes the period of Regulated Federalism. Dual Federalism refers to the period before 1937, where the state and federal power remained separate and in general the states possessed more authority than the federal government. Cooperative federalism refers to the period from 1937 to 1960s where the Federal government uses grants-in-aid to pay the costs for any of its regulations imposed on the State governments. New Federalism refers to a period during the 1980s and 1990s, where Republican presidents and the Supreme Court began to make some reforms to reduce the power of the Federal government over the state governments.

Regulated Federalism refers to the period since the 1960s where the Federal government increasingly set national standards and punished states by withholding grant money for failing to conform to those standards. Dual Federalism refers to the period prior to the 1930s, where states retained most of the political power to regulate the economy and the federal government’s authority was limited to regulating interstate commerce. New Federalism refers to the period mainly under Republican presidents since the 1970s and 1980s whereby the federal government began to loosen some restrictions on state governments, especially the use of unfunded mandate. Cooperative federalism refers to the period from 1930s to the 1960s where the Federal government increasingly set national standards but granted states the money for the costs of meeting those standards.

The correct definition for "Sovereignty" is supreme and independent political authority. "Bicameralism" is the separation of the national legislature into two houses. The separation of powers is when the national government is separated into three different branches--the executive, the legislative, and the judicial branches. "Federalism" is the division of powers and functions between the national government and the state governments.

Under the doctrine of expressed powers and the 10 Amendment, powers not explicitly granted to the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the state governments. Powers not granted to the Federal government under the Constitution or reserved to the states are left to the people under the 9th amendment. Popular sovereignty is the ability of the people to rule in their own right. The US has limited popular sovereignty through state referendums. Most powers or authorities that aren't granted to the Federal government are left to the state governments. Powers that are shared by both the people and the Federal government are called concurrent powers.

The conflict between Federalists and Antifederalists was the major thread of late eighteenth century American politics. A major sticking point was the need for a Bill of Rights in the Constitution. Students should recall that Federalists like Alexander Hamilton did not see a need for a Bill of Rights to be added, while Antifederalists James Madison spearheaded the amendments.

Debates between the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists can be considered the first political party debates in America. Anti-Federalists disliked the creation of the constitution because they feared it was creating a too powerful central government. The Federalists favored the constitution due to issues with the Articles of Confederation and its lack of a strong central government. A compromise was reached with the formation of the Bill of Rights which was designed to protect civil liberties of all citizens.

The 4^th amendment is more commonly known for its protection from unreasonable search and seizure, it is part of the Bill of Rights, which was designed for the protection of individual rights.

The center of the debate between the Anti-Federalists and the Federalist was the power that the central government would have. Anti-Federalists argued for the protection of states and individual rights. Anti-Federalists such as Mason were began to support the Constitution when the bill of rights was added to protect states and individual rights.