Example: A student fails a test, acknowledges that s/he didn't study enough and didn't understand some of the test's key questions, and subsequently meets with the teacher to request advice on ways to improve next time. This student would be said to have an internal locus of control.

The term "self-concept" refers to the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves. The self-concept is made up of cognitive molecules or units called self-schemas: beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of self-relevant information.

Durability bias is present when people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions. When people participate in affective forecasting—the process of predicting how they would feel in response to future emotional events—durability biases are usually evident.

Extrinsic motivation originates from factors outside the person. People are said to be extrinsically motivated when they engage in an activity as a means to an end, for tangible benefits. Intrinsic motivation originates from factors within a person. People are said to be intrinsically motivated when they engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge, or sheer enjoyment.

Money is a common extrinsic motivator, while enjoyment and moral or religious beliefs can be intrinsic motivators.

Self-handicapping behaviors are actions people take to handicap their own performances in order to build an excuse for anticipated failures. These times of purposely setting up for failure are to the end of preserving self-esteem in the individual; it is a self-protective measure.

High-self monitors, despite their natural way of behaving, are more likely to alter behavior in accordance to their immediate surroundings. That is, instead of acting whichever way they normally do or prefer, they will look for cues in their environment for how they should behave. Low-self monitors consistently act the same way regardless of the situation.

Abramson's theory examines three dimensions of attributing control of an event:

Internal vs External - am I in control, or is someone/something else?

Specific vs Global - is this true of just this one situation, or more generally?

Stable vs Unstable - will things be like this forever, or is there potential for change?

Depressed people will most likely have a stable and global external locus of control, believing themselves powerless in all aspects of their lives, and unable to ever seize control of their own lives.

As defined by the APA, a person's gender identity refers to “one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender”, and determines the pronouns (he/she/ze) that they prefer. "Sex" refers to physical sex characteristics. Sexual orientation refers to one's preference in terms of sexual partners. Gender role refers to societally conditioned roles played by individuals in their society or community (usually based on traditional gender norms).

The "sense of self" is an essential term in both social psychology and sociology. It is best defined as a dynamic concept that embodies the way a person thinks about themselves, their beliefs, traits, and relationship with the world. Many people choose to define themselves in different ways. One person's sense of self may depend on their responsibilities in the world, such as being a mother, daughter, or performing some service to society. Another may strictly define themselves to their own inner thoughts and narrative. No matter which way one chooses to define oneself, it is inevitably dynamic as you change and grow from experience.

According to Carl Rogers’ theory of what makes up our sense of self, a person's self image is a composite of how we view our physical and personal traits. Some people may have an unhealthy self-image (i.e. people who believe that they are overweight when they are not and resort to self-starvation). Some others have an inflated self-image that may not correspond with reality (e.g. they see themselves as more intelligent, attractive, etc).