Decision-making involves weighing alternatives and choosing between them. The other answers are a part of decision making but are too specific to the methods for our decision making processes. For instance, it isn't just risky decisions that involve weighing alternatives and choosing between them, but all decisions. The other answers are strategies for how we weigh the alternatives at hand. 

Additive strategies are commonly used when people are making decisions about their preferences. When using an additive strategy, a person lists the traits of each potential choice, weights them according to importance, adds them up, and determines which one is more appealing based on the result. Another common strategy is a strategy of elimination, which will not be discussed in detail here.

This is an elimination strategy. An elimination strategy is a decision making strategy where one sets a certain criteria and any options that do not meet this criteria will be automatically be eliminated. Although John deciding where to eat is certainly a form of judgment and cognition, these answers aren't sufficient because they are not as specific to what this process was. An additive strategy is a different type of process all together.

Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits the way a person thinks about an object, restricting his or her view of that object’s uses to the “traditional” or typical uses of that object. The example with Joanne is the best choice, as it reflects functional fixedness restricting her view of the staple remover. She is probably used to using the staple remover to remove staples, so when she realized she could not open the keychain ring with her nails, she felt stuck. She did not think of being able to use the staple remover to hold open the keychain ring. 

Sigmund Freud is considered to be "the father" of psychoanalysis. This theoretical orientation believes that people can be cured of psychiatric illnesses by bringing their unconscious thoughts to the surface to be addressed. This allows repressed emotions and behaviors to be released and dealt with by the therapist and patient. 

A succinct and clear definition for cognition could be the following: "thinking, reasoning, remembering or almost any other activity in the brain." Cognition drastically changes throughout our lifetimes and is the object of much psychological study. In other words, the correct choice for the basic and clear definition of cognition is the following: "cognition relates to almost any activity in the brain, particularly thinking, reasoning and remembering."

The confirmation bias is a fallacy almost all of us are prone to. The premise of the confirmation bias is that we seek out things in the world the confirm our preformed thoughts about the world. That is, in terms of what we think, believe, do and are interested in we tend to be very narrow! That's why throughout a lifetime people will not change political beliefs and are often found browsing the same political website they have for years.

The incorrect answers are biases mainly to do with decision making and selective focus. The "ingroup bias" has more to do with our beliefs about what "groups" we belong to and how we measure our groups to the "others". The essential bias is that we are prone to believe that OUR group is better than all the others. Indeed in the past we have identified with racial groups and this bias was the source of violent racism. On the flipside, the ingroup bias also maintains our solidarity with others and creates morale.

The negativity bias that we as humans are prone to affects news and media the most. The other industries listed have more of an interest in promoting the positive things about their products to attract consumers. Though we may not like to hear that the car we're going to buy is going to break down in five years when it comes to learning about the world we like to hear bad news! This is most likely due to natural selection: it may be more important for our survival to pay attention to bad news than good.  

The status quo bias refers to our tendency to keep things the way they are. This provides a sense of stability for us that makes day-to-day living manageable and we avoid a sense of cognitive dissonance. This can be damaging though, when the status quo itself is toxic or damaging to others.