"Modeling" is learning through example. Simply by observing a particular behavior, another organism can mimic that behavior. Another example of learning through modeling could be a parent displaying a particular behavior that he or she also desires a child to display. The other choices are incorrect. "Classical conditioning" is learning by paired association, "operant conditioning" is learning through reinforcement (e.g. rewards, punishment), and "extinction" is when a previously learned behavior no longer occurs.

The "conditioned stimulus" is a previously neutral stimulus (e.g pictures of dogs) that has, through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a "conditioned response" (e.g fear). Before the attack, Peter did not react to pictures of dogs. Only after the learning occurred did he have a response to the pictures.

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response extends to other, similar stimuli. In this case, the most similar stimuli is "a white stuffed animal," which may appear to be like the white dog. The other answers do not share similarities to the puppy paired with the unpleasant stimulus.

This is an example of systematic desensitization. In systematic desensitization, the patient is exposed a little bit at a time to their fears. While remaining calm, patients are repetitively exposed to a fearful stimuli, each stimulus gradually increasing in severity, until they have overcome their fear.

In this question, Heather is afraid of heights. Gradually, she is exposed to higher heights until she is no longer afraid.

The correct answer is "baby Megan's giggling at her favorite toy." In this scenario the components of classical conditioning include the following:

• UCS (unconditioned stimulus) – This is what causes the unconditioned response. Ex: Megan's favorite toy 
• UCR (unconditioned response) – this is the automatic response with no conditioning. Ex: Megan's giggling at her favorite toy
• CS (conditioned stimulus) –This is what is conditioned to illicit a response Ex: Patty
• CR (conditioned response) –This is the same as the UCR, but now it is caused by the CS Ex: Megan giggles at Patty

"Ivan Pavlov" was a Russian physiologist who is primarily known for his research on classical conditioning with dogs. Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even if he was not bringing food to them.As a result, he posited that his presence functioned as an unconditioned stimulus, which lead to the dogs' salivation as an unconditioned response.

"Generalization" occurs when an individual exhibits a conditioned response in reaction to a stimulus that is similar—but not identical—to the conditioned stimulus. Ted learned to associate his mother’s silver chili pot with the delicious chili itself, so now he salivates in response to the pot alone; however, if he extends this response to all silver pots, then he is exhibiting generalization.

We can see that Ted is being "classically conditioned" to salivate at the sight of the silver pot. This is because a neutral stimulus (i.e. the silver pot) is being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the delicious chili), which by itself naturally produces an unconditioned response (i.e. salivation). Now, the sight of the pot (now a conditioned stimulus) produces the same response (now a conditioned response).

In this operant conditioning situation, the "silver pot" acts as this conditioned stimulus. This is because it originally did not produce a response—most people do not naturally salivate at the sight of this particular pot, like Ted does. This means that it was initially a neutral stimulus. Over time, its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the chili) causes it to produce the same unconditioned response (i.e. salivation).