"Mary Ainsworth" devised the "Strange Situation" paradigm in the 1970s. It was used to examine the attachment patterns between parent and child. This study identified four primary attachment styles: secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized. 

"Albert Bandura" is a psychologist who is best known for devising his social learning theory. This theory posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context; furthermore, he theorized that  learning can occur through observation or direct instruction from peers. 

Erik Erikson created the eight stages of psychosocial development. While Kohlberg and Piaget also were interested in development, their research did not involve the psychosocial conflicts and were more focused on morality and theories of "knowing" respectively. Last, Adler founded individual psychology and Horney was a neo-Freudian.

John Watson studied classical conditioning through the Little Albert experiment. In this study Watson presented Albert with a white rat. At the same time he made a loud noise, creating a sense of fear in Albert. Watson then presented Albert with other white, furry objects. He found that Albert generalized his fear response from the white rat to other similar-looking objects. Ivan Pavlov is also known for studying classical conditioning. Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner both studied operant conditioning. Albert Bandura studied observational learning. Solomon Asch conducted the famous line studies that showed the power of conformity in groups. Stanley Milgram studied obedience by having research participants believe they were administering electrical shocks to confederates. 

A French philosopher, mathematician and scientist, Rene Descartes set the foundation for much of Western philosophy with his writings on dualism, which purports that the mind and body affect each other, as opposed to the previously agreed upon one-way relationship in which the mind affected the body. The other choices are incorrect. Plato was a Greek philosopher, considered to be an early psychologist, who first scientifically researched the abstract. John Locke was an enlightened Brit who coined ‘tabula rasa’ and first defined the self. Last, Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, considered to be an early psychologist who wrote “On the Soul” and first researched memory

Ivan Pavlov was the first to research classical conditioning using a dog's salivation response to being fed in conjunction with the ringing of a bell. Classical conditioning is sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning. The other choices are incorrect. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who discovered operant conditioning. Clark Hull was a rigorous researcher whose claim to fame is creating modern hypnosis. Last, John Watson established the behaviorist school and is most famous for his conditioning experiment with patient Little Albert.

Edward Tolman was the first psychologist to study latent learning (information lies dormant or is not immediately expressed upon learning) in animals. He also founded what is now known as purposive behaviorism. The other choices are incorrect. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who coined dualism as a psychological term. Ivan Pavlov was a behaviorist who discovered classical conditioning. Last, B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who discovered operant conditioning.

Franz Josef Gall created the study of cranioscopy, which later became known as phrenology. In the study of phrenology, the features of the skull and face are "read" and interpreted to determine brain function. Although phrenology is known considered a pseudoscience, Gall laid the groundwork for the concept of localization of function as well as the study of neuropsychology. The other choices are incorrect. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who coined dualism as a psychological term. Franz Mesmer coined the phrase animal magnetism, which led to mesmerism or theories on hypnosis. Last, Wilhelm Wundt was the first experimental psychologist whose work led to the study of cognitive psychology.

Carl Rogers, among many other contributions to psychology including his nineteen propositions, developed a "person-centered approach" to psychotherapy that changed the stigma that surrounds  being a patient of mental health. The other choices are incorrect. Abraham Maslow was a humanist who created Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who created the life-stage virtue and coined the term “identity crisis”. Last, Mary Ainsworth created the strange situation design to study attachment in young children. 

Abraham Maslow is most well known for creating "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" but also wrote extensively about the self-actualized person, including a list of 17 qualities of the self-actualizing individual. The other choices are incorrect. Carl Rogers designed the person-centered strategy to psychotherapy. Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who created the life-stage virtue and coined the term “identity crisis”. Last, Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT and is considered the most influential psychologist second only to Freud.