In order to calculate the mean (also called arithmetic average) we need to add all the values together and divide by the number of values. In this case, the total sum is 87 and the number of values is 12, so we perform the following calculation to obtain our mean:

To find the median, we simply arrange the values in order from least to greatest and identify the middlemost number. However, since 12 is an even number, there will not be one single middle value– therefore, we find the average of the two middlemost values. Arranged in ascending order, the data set is:

The 6th and 7th values are 6 and 7, so we know our median is the average of 6 and 7.

The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set. Here, 6 occurs three times and no other number occurs more than twice, which means 6 is our mode.

The "dependent variable" is indicative of the outcome of an experiment, and is recorded as evidence to attempt to provide support for or against a thesis. The independent variable is indeed measured; however,its quantities are irrelevant to an experiment. Control and random variables are not recorded and are only useful when considering the changes to dependent variable. 

A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together. Specifically, it measures how well one factor predicts another on a scale of -1 to 1, with numbers closer to -1 and 1 indicating the strongest relationships. Whether a correlation coefficient is negative or positive does not indicate the strength of the relationship, it simply tells us the direction of the relationship!

Statistical significance is a statistical criterion for rejecting the assumption of no difference between groups in a particular study. In order to establish statistical significance, researchers typically look for a p value of less than .05, which indicates that the study's findings were not obtained due to chance or error.

The range of a dataset can be found by taking the difference between the highest and lowest scores. 

The mean (82.8) is greater than the median (81) because the very high score of 102 weighs more heavily in the mean calculation.

The standard deviation is a measure of variability, or the spread of scores. The standard deviation is the average distance of the score from the mean. This makes sense when considering the formula, which involves subtracting the mean from each score, squaring it, calculating the sum, dividing by the number of scores, and taking the square root. The range is also a measure of variability, but simply involves subtracting the smallest score from the largest score. The mean, median, and mode are all measures of central tendency. The mean is the average of all scores. The median is the center score in the distribution. The mode is the score that occurs most frequently.

Validity is the term for how well a test measures what it has been designed to measure. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently find similar results when a test is repeatedly administered in similar conditions. High validity and high reliability will ensure that a test accurately determines what it claims to determine, and that its findings are not simply caused by random chance.

While a score of 100 indicates average intelligence on a modern IQ test, people who score 100 on these tests generally score much higher on older intelligence tests. Each generation since the 1930s has had increased scores on older tests, an effect studied by James Flynn.

Intelligence quotient (IQ) is defined as having a median of 100. This means that half of the people who take an IQ test will have below 100 and half will have above 100. The standard deviation of IQ is 15, such that two-thirds of the population fall between 85 and 115.