"Tabula rasa" is Latin for "empty slate." John Locke proposed that the mind was an initially empty slate that could be filled with the empirical observations one makes about the world. This contradicts many things we now know about the brain, namely the conventions of innate capacities such as the abilities to acquire language, learn motor skills, process stimuli, etc. Locke claimed we are born with no prior knowledge.

Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who came up with a hierarchy of needs to describe basic human functioning.

Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, was more focused on unconscious drives and the motives of human behavior.

Applied psychology includes branches of psychology that involve working directly with people. Some of the most popular branches of applied psychology are clinical psychology, counseling psychology, and school psychology.

The sociocultural theory of psychological science is focused on how behavior and thought processes vary across cultures. One of the most famous psychologists in social-cultural research is Albert Bandura.

Freud defined the ego as the largely conscious, executive part of one's personality that mediates the id's impulses and the superego's judgement standards. 

Carl Jung coined the term "collective unconscious," which is defined a shared, inherited memory that all humans possess due to our shared ancestry. The collective unconscious is used to explain the commonalities observed between different cultures throughout the world.

According to Freud, the id operates on the "pleasure principle," meaning that it controls our primeval urges, including aggression and sex. The id demands immediate gratification, and requires a well-developed superego to balance the id's selfishness. 

Hans Selye was an Austrian-Canadian endocrinologist of Hungarian origin  who is best known for developing the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). GAS's three stages are, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Biological perspective explains behavior by looking at genetics, structures, and biological processes. In this case, Karen's biological processes (heart beat, breathing) are examined in order to explain the behavior that results from them. A psychoanalytic perspective would, in all likelihood, look for underlying reasons, possibly from the past, that would explain Karen's manifestation of these emotions in a physical manner.

Due to structuralism's heavy reliance of introspection it was not able to make truly objective insight. Introspection relies too much on interpretation and is not uniformed for anyone, and is thus highly subjective, which makes it difficult to consolidate data and draw conclusions. Structuralism was proposed in part by Wilhelm Wundt, a male psychologist, and indeed had early support.