Noam Chomsky is a cognitive psychologist and linguist who is most famous for his nativist theory of language. This theory rests on a critique of Skinner’s idea that language is learned through conditioning and instead suggests that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows them to learn language from birth.

Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who is most famous for the development of client-centered therapy, a type of therapy that involves clients trying to reach self-realization themselves (rather than being told answers by the therapists) and the therapist treating the client with unconditional positive regard.

William Wundt was a psychologist who is considered by some to be the father of psychology because he started to separate psychology from philosophy by showing that psychology, like other branches of science, can use the experimental method to get empirical results. Wundt also focused his research on introspection and structuralism, which is the study of the different components of the mind.

Philip Zimbardo is a psychologist most famous for the “Stanford Prison Experiment” in which a group of male subjects were randomly assigned to be either prison guards or inmates. The study found that after only a few days, the prison guards were sadistic and the inmates desolate, indicating how strongly people respond to situational factors.

Benjamin Lee Whorf is a cognitive linguist who is most famous for his idea that the language you speak affects the way that you view and think about the world, otherwise known as linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Benjamin Lee Whorf is a cognitive linguist who is most famous for his idea that the language you speak affects the way that you view and think about the world, otherwise known as linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who is most famous for the development of client-centered therapy, a type of therapy that involves clients trying to reach self-realization themselves (rather than being told answers by the therapists) and the therapist treating the client with unconditional positive regard.

William Wundt was a psychologist who is considered by some to be the father of psychology because he started to separate psychology from philosophy by showing that psychology, like other branches of science, can use the experimental method to get empirical results. Wundt also focused his research on introspection and structuralism, which is the study of the different components of the mind.

Philip Zimbardo is a psychologist most famous for the “Stanford Prison Experiment” in which a group of male subjects were randomly assigned to be either prison guards or inmates. The study found that after only a few days, the prison guards were sadistic and the inmates desolate, indicating how strongly people respond to situational factors.

Noam Chomsky is a cognitive psychologist and linguist who is most famous for his nativist theory of language. This theory rests on a critique of Skinner’s idea that language is learned through conditioning and instead suggests that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows them to learn language from birth.

Noam Chomsky is a cognitive psychologist and linguist who is most famous for his nativist theory of language. This theory rests on a critique of Skinner’s idea that language is learned through conditioning and instead suggests that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows them to learn language from birth. in a similar vein, Benjamin Lee Whorf is a cognitive linguist who is most famous for his idea that the language you speak affects the way that you view and think about the world, otherwise known as linguistic relativity or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who is famous for developing the psychosocial stages of development, each of which involved a conflict or crisis between the wants of the individual and the wants of the society, such as trust vs. distrust in infancy. In a similar way, Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who is famous for developing a cognitive theory of development, which centered around figuring out why and how people (particularly children) make mistakes as a way of figuring out their ways of thinking. Based on that research, Piaget came up with stages of cognitive development—sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

In 1921, Otto Lowei discovered the first neurotransmitter. He dissected a frog heart with the vagas nerve still attached in order to allow the heart to beat. He ran an electrical current through the heart and was able to slow the heartbeat. Lowei then dissected out another frog heart in the same manner. He poured liquid obtained from the first, slowed frog heart into the dish containing the newly dissected heart. Immediately, the second heart’s beat slowed down. Lowei had provided evidence for the existence of neurons—which were discovered by Santiago Ramon y Cajal—and demonstrated neural communication by way of neurotransmitters.

The main difference between Freud and Jung's psychoanalytic philosophies was that Freud's conception of the unconscious. Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as too negative and incomplete. Jung believed that the unconscious was not only a source of creativity and positivity, but also that there were two unconscious levels. He believed that there was a personal level of unconscious as well as an ancestral level of unconscious called the collective unconscious. These were the primary conflicts between Freud and Jung. The other answers given are incorrect, because all of the listed tenets were Jung’s beliefs, not Freud’s. 

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory stated that there are three levels of moral reasoning, including preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test. The current Stanford-Binet 5 (SB5) is based on his work. Solomon Asch studied conformity by having research participants estimate the length of a series of lines in front of a group. Stanley Milgram studied obedience to authority by having research participants believe they were delivering electric shocks to confederates. B.F. Skinner is the only theorist that is incorrectly matched. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, which looks at the influence of reinforcement and punishment on people's behaviors. Ivan Pavlov and John Watson are associated with classical conditioning. 

Wilhelm Wundt was the first to set up a psychology lab in order to train subjects in introspection. This process consisted of asking subjects to record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli.   

Charles Spearman, not Louis Thurstone, developed the concept of the g factor. The g factor refers to a person's general intelligence that can be reflected in an IQ score. General intelligence is believed to impact a person's performance on cognitive tasks. Louis Thurstone is credited with diverging from the idea of general intelligence and proposing 7 types of primary mental abilities, including verbal comprehension, reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, word fluency, associative memory, and spatial visualization. Daniel Goleman proposed the idea of emotional intelligence, which is the ability to process and understand emotions. Howard Sternberg proposed three components of intelligence: analytical (e.g. problem-solving ability), practical (e.g ability to adapt to change), and creative (e.g. ability to deal with new situations). Howard Gardner identified the following 8 types of intelligence: visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, musical, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Last, Alfred Binet developed the first reliable intelligence test when working with children.

The correct answer is "Hermann Ebbinghaus." He was the first known psychologist to conduct scientific studies on memory. His research began around 1878 and (as briefly explained in the question) involved studying how long an individual could recall nonsense, three-letter words after they were initially studied. Interestingly, Ebbinghaus used himself as his only subject. He repeated the list of meaningless words to himself, waited for a certain amount of time to elapse, and then attempted to recall the full list. He found that he forgot a large amount of the information within an hour and even more within a day; however, after that point, the amount forgotten decreased significantly—that is, if he remembered it for a certain length of time (e.g. about a day), then he would remember it for the relative “long haul.”