Maslow was responsible for the Maslow hierarchy of needs: an ordering of human needs from most pressing to least pressing, often presented as a pyramid. According to Maslow, needs can be grouped into the following categories, from lowest to highest: physiological needs; safety and security; love and belongingness; self-worth and self-esteem; and self-actualization (sometimes subdivided into knowledge and understanding, aesthetic needs, and then self-actualization). The idea is that an individual will focus on filling simpler, more “primitive” needs before moving onto the more abstract human need for growth and development. Physiological needs are things like food, shelter, and water. Safety and security refers to achieving a secure, low fear state in which one feels physically, financially, and emotionally safe and stable. Love and belongingness needs are next, and they are described as the human need for companionship and social relationships. The self-worth and self-esteem tier consists of people’s needs for positive feelings about themselves and their positions in society; it is essentially the desire to be valued as a contributing member of one’s community. Self-actualization is a somewhat abstract concept which is best summarized as “being the absolute best you can be." Maslow thought very few, if any, people ever actually achieved self-actualization. As for the other answer choices, Mary Ainsworth was responsible for attachment theory in small children; Carl Jung, for the concept of archetypes; B. F. Skinner, for operant conditioning.

"Alfred Binet" created the first practical intelligence test by assessing the diverse abilities of Parisian schoolchildren in the 19th century. Even in modern times, his work is still influential. For example, the Stanford-Binet intelligence measure is one of the most popular cognitive tests that is still used today.

"Mary Ainsworth" devised the "Strange Situation" paradigm in the 1970s. It was used to examine the attachment patterns between parent and child. This study identified four primary attachment styles: secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized. 

"Albert Bandura" is a psychologist who is best known for devising his social learning theory. This theory posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context; furthermore, he theorized that  learning can occur through observation or direct instruction from peers. 

Erik Erikson created the eight stages of psychosocial development. While Kohlberg and Piaget also were interested in development, their research did not involve the psychosocial conflicts and were more focused on morality and theories of "knowing" respectively. Last, Adler founded individual psychology and Horney was a neo-Freudian.

John Watson studied classical conditioning through the Little Albert experiment. In this study Watson presented Albert with a white rat. At the same time he made a loud noise, creating a sense of fear in Albert. Watson then presented Albert with other white, furry objects. He found that Albert generalized his fear response from the white rat to other similar-looking objects. Ivan Pavlov is also known for studying classical conditioning. Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner both studied operant conditioning. Albert Bandura studied observational learning. Solomon Asch conducted the famous line studies that showed the power of conformity in groups. Stanley Milgram studied obedience by having research participants believe they were administering electrical shocks to confederates. 

A French philosopher, mathematician and scientist, Rene Descartes set the foundation for much of Western philosophy with his writings on dualism, which purports that the mind and body affect each other, as opposed to the previously agreed upon one-way relationship in which the mind affected the body. The other choices are incorrect. Plato was a Greek philosopher, considered to be an early psychologist, who first scientifically researched the abstract. John Locke was an enlightened Brit who coined ‘tabula rasa’ and first defined the self. Last, Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, considered to be an early psychologist who wrote “On the Soul” and first researched memory

Ivan Pavlov was the first to research classical conditioning using a dog's salivation response to being fed in conjunction with the ringing of a bell. Classical conditioning is sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning. The other choices are incorrect. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who discovered operant conditioning. Clark Hull was a rigorous researcher whose claim to fame is creating modern hypnosis. Last, John Watson established the behaviorist school and is most famous for his conditioning experiment with patient Little Albert.

Edward Tolman was the first psychologist to study latent learning (information lies dormant or is not immediately expressed upon learning) in animals. He also founded what is now known as purposive behaviorism. The other choices are incorrect. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who coined dualism as a psychological term. Ivan Pavlov was a behaviorist who discovered classical conditioning. Last, B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who discovered operant conditioning.

Franz Josef Gall created the study of cranioscopy, which later became known as phrenology. In the study of phrenology, the features of the skull and face are "read" and interpreted to determine brain function. Although phrenology is known considered a pseudoscience, Gall laid the groundwork for the concept of localization of function as well as the study of neuropsychology. The other choices are incorrect. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who coined dualism as a psychological term. Franz Mesmer coined the phrase animal magnetism, which led to mesmerism or theories on hypnosis. Last, Wilhelm Wundt was the first experimental psychologist whose work led to the study of cognitive psychology.