AP Psychology : Dimensions of Psychological Development

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Psychology

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Example Questions

Example Question #91 : Dimensions Of Psychological Development

Lawrence Kohlberg is known for the levels of moral thinking hypothesis. Which of the following levels focuses on self-defined ethical principles?

Possible Answers:

Concrete Operational 

Ego 

Postconventional 

Conventional 

Preconventional 

Correct answer:

Postconventional 

Explanation:

Kohlberg's three levels of moral thinking include preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. 

From adolescence and beyond, Kohlberg believed that an individual experiences the postconventional level of morality. During this time, the individual focuses on actions that demonstrate a belief in self-defined ethical principles and basic rights. 

“Ego” would be incorrect as it is one of Freud's psychoanalytical stages.

“Concrete operational” would also be incorrect because it is one of Piaget's stages from his theory of cognitive development. 

Example Question #92 : Dimensions Of Psychological Development

Adam is a child and considered to be in the conventional morality stage according to Kohlberg’s model. Which of the following is most likely to be his rationale for why stealing is morally wrong?

Possible Answers:

None of these

Stealing is against the law.

If I steal, then people will think I’m a bad boy.

If I steal, then I will be caught and punished.

Correct answer:

If I steal, then people will think I’m a bad boy.

Explanation:

Kohlberg’s model of moral thought was categorized into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Pre-conventional moral thought is concerned with thoughts associated with obedience, punishment, and self interests (e.g. “if I steal, then I will be caught and punished” and “stealing is against the law”). On the other hand, post-conventional thought is characterized by higher order moral thinking such as that associated with social contracts and universal ethical principles. Last, the conventional level is characterized by thoughts indicative of social order and conformity (e.g. the correct answer “if I steal, then people will think I’m a bad boy”).

Example Question #183 : Developmental Psychology

The conventional stage of Kohlberg's moral developmental stages usually occurs during which of the following age brackets?

Possible Answers:

None of these

Approximately late adolescence through adulthood 

Approximately birth to 9 years old

Approximately 10 years old through adolescence

Correct answer:

Approximately 10 years old through adolescence

Explanation:

The conventional stage of moral development occurs from approximately 10 years old to early adolescence. During this stage, children make decisions based on how the world will view them. Children learn conventional standards of right and wrong, as usually follow these so others will see them as "good." 

Example Question #184 : Developmental Psychology

10-year-old Mark believes that you should not lie because it is wrong and against the rules. What stage of Kohlberg's moral development is Mark most likely in?

Possible Answers:

Oral 

Conventional

Latency

Postconventional

Preconventional

Correct answer:

Conventional

Explanation:

Kohlberg's theory of moral development divides morality into three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The preconventional level occurs prior to age 10 and involves a desire to avoid punishment and receive rewards. Children in this stage may follow rules because of their own self-interests. Children in the conventional stage are motivated to do what is right and uphold society's rules and standards. This is consistent with Mark's philosophy on why lying is wrong. During the postconventional stage, people develop an internal set of values and have a more flexible view of morality. Kohlberg believed that not everyone reaches the postconventional level. The oral and latency stages are associated with Freud's psychosexual stages of development. 

Example Question #185 : Developmental Psychology

A young child decides not to steal a classmate's stuffed animal because he will likely be punished by the teacher. According to Kohlberg's stages of morality, this child is engaging in which of the following  types of thinking?

Possible Answers:

Pre-conventional morality

Conventional morality

Macro-oriented morality

Elementary morality

Post-conventional morality

Correct answer:

Pre-conventional morality

Explanation:

Lawrence Kohlberg believed that there are three different stages of morality that are expressed through our actions. The young child above is engaging in "pre-conventional morality." In this stage, actions are determined to be bad or good depending on how they are rewarded or punished. Specifically, the action of stealing is determined to be bad because society has set forth rules that would likely result in the young child getting punished for it.  

Example Question #186 : Developmental Psychology

Conventional morality is derived from which of the following?

Possible Answers:

Avoiding punishment

Social norms and expectations

Self-interest

Intrinsic motivation

Social contract

Correct answer:

Social norms and expectations

Explanation:

The conventional stages of Kohlberg's stages of moral development are associated with morality derived from "social norms and expectations." This is in contrast with the pre-conventional stages, which focus on self-interest and punishment, and the post-conventional stages, which focus on social contracts and universal principles. 

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