The frontal lobe is responsible for the higher-level cognitive processes associated with executive functions. It contains the primary motor cortex and is involved in decision-making, as well as many other goal-directed behaviors.

The nervous system is divided into subsystems based on nerve locations and functionality. Neural tissue located in the brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system; all other nervous tissue is considered part of the peripheral nervous system.

The peripheral nervous system is further divided by functionality. Somatic nerve fibers are under voluntary control, while autonomic nerve fibers are under involuntary control. Both of these subdivisions are considered part of the peripheral nervous system (giving us our correct answer). The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system is responsible for stress reactions, initiating the fight or flight response, while the parasympathetic system is responsible for resting reactions, often referred to as rest and digest.

The corpus callosum is a bundle of white matter tracts that allows for communication between the two hemispheres of the cortex. The famous "split-brain" experiments involved the severing of the corpus callosum.

The purpose of an electroencephalogram (EEG) is to determine the electrical activity in the brain by the use of electrodes. These electrodes are connected to the scalp and are used to detect brain waves from the neurons of the brain. It is often used in sleep research.

The brain and spinal cord together make up the Central Nervous System. The Peripheral Nervous System and all of its subdivisions are composed of the various neural pathways to and from the brain/spinal cord.

Located below the thalamus, the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and regulates biological needs, including homeostasis (body temperature), sexual drive, aggressive behavior, and hunger. 

The sympathetic nervous system responds to threats (for example, an angry lion walks near you) through the fight or flight mechanism. In the prior example, you could choose to battle the lion (fight) or run away from the lion (flight).

The hindbrain is composed of structrures responsible for the control of heart rate, respiration and blood pressure. 

A subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System, the Parasympathetic Nervous System is responsible for returning the body to a calm state after experiencing stress or arousal. The Sympathetic Nervous System arouses the body (i.e. - pupil dilation, increased heartbeat, sweating, etc.). The Somatic Nervous System is responsible for voluntary muscle control.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) are the two major divisions of the body's nervous system. The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS is all the nerves outside of that. Further subdivisions of the PNS are the Somatic Nervous System (for voluntary muscle movements) and the Autonomic Nervous System (for responses to stress). The Autonomic is divided between the Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses the body under stress) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms the body down after stress).