Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's social group, often making people act as the stereotype suggests. Jane, being a woman, performs more poorly on the first test because she is reminded of the gender stereotype by the gender-identifying survey.

What Jeremy was doing was falsely attributing Candace's behavior to her internal disposition (with a "that's just the way she is" mindset) as opposed to considering her surroundings. He failed to consider that maybe Candace does not feel as comfortable and extroverted in a classroom setting as she is in a social setting, such as a Friday night baseball game. This is a prime example of the fundamental attribution error, which overestimates the influence of innate personality and underestimates the influence of situations (i.e. location).

The fundamental attribution error refers to people's tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of personality characteristics, rather than things like external circumstances. It is a bias, which means that people place too much emphasis on personality, when behavior is often a result of specific circumstances. In the correct example, Jae is probably not careless but is stuck in traffic. Maryam is simply overgeneralizing based on one event.

The just-world hypothesis is a cognitive bias from the belief that morally reprehensible behavior is always punished and morally laudable behavior is always rewarded. This often leads to the justification of others’ fortune and misfortune as stemming solely from their quality of character. Marcel’s analysis of the homeless person’s current economic situation ignores any other factors that may have been out of that person’s control, such as a market recession or mental illness. The Asch effect is the tendency of individuals to publicly conform to beliefs held by those immediately around them as long as those beliefs appear unanimous. The self-serving bias leads individuals to adopt a distorted view of a situation if it preserves their self-esteem. The hindsight bias leads individuals to perceive events as having been predictable, even when their initial occurrence was unexpected.

The answer here is "stereotype threat." When individuals are reminded of a negative stereotype about a group they belong to, it results in scoring lower on tests or assessments. The other answers are not real phenomena/threats.

This is a display of the fundamental attribution error because you failed to consider situational factors.  Instead, you accredited your friends knowledge to dispositional attribution or behavior that results from internal characteristics. 

Ethnocentrism is "the belief that your own culture is better than all others." If you look at the roots of the word, then you can figure out the general meaning (i.e. "ethno" means combining form and "centric" means in the middle or center)

The other choices are incorrect. "Thinking that bad things happen to bad people" is just-world bias, while "preferring people in your own group over people in an outside group" is known as in-group bias. "An undeserved, negative attitude toward a particular group of people" is the definition of prejudice. It is important to note that while ethnocentrism is a type of prejudice; however, this is not the most correct choice. Last, "the belief that other cultures are better than your own" is the reverse definition of ethnocentrism. 

Johnny is using stereotypes to describe all children. A stereotype is a widely held, but fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular group. Stereotypes are often incorrect and may lead to prejudice and/or discrimination.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to emphasize a person's internal characteristics (e.g. personality) to explain their behavior. For example, if someone cuts me off while I am driving, then I am more apt to think that they are a rude person as opposed to thinking that they may have a medical emergency.