Fundamental attribution error is a social psychology term coined by Lee Ross to describe the inclination to explain others' behavior in terms of internal, stable factors (like personality) while describing our own behavior in terms of external, changeable factors. The self-serving bias is a facet of attribution theory, and refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external ones.

Although the concept of "self-fulfilling prophecy" has existed for centuries and was a popular one in Ancient Greece, it was officially coined by the famous sociologist Robert K. Merton in the 20th century. 

Dispositional attribution is when we attribute a person's actions to their internal dispositions, such as personality, talents, emotional state, etc. We see the behavior as being caused by something internal to that person as opposed to attributing it to their environment. 

The self-fulfilling prophecy stems from the Thomas theorem, which posits that situations are not merely situations in the human eye, but are rather warped according to our perceptions and the meaning we ascribe to them. Accordingly, we may have a belief about ourselves or the world that we carry with us in each situation. This belief may warp our perception of the situation and may influence to act in ways that reinforce this belief. So for example, if one believes one will always fail academically one may never try. These actions, influenced by this belief, serve to then reinforce this belief. 

This can influence how we behave towards other people as well. The self-fulfilling prophecy may reinforce stereotypes and beliefs we have about other people. 

The just-world bias is a common bias in which we believe people get what they deserve. We might believe poor people didn't work hard enough or an ill person didn't take care of themselves enough instead of looking at circumstances that were out of their control.

The false-consensus effect is when we overestimate the amount of people that agree with us. A person may, for instance, believe that healthcare should be a universal right and expect that almost everyone really feels that way, and be surprised to find he or she is in the minority according to a poll.

The actor-observer bias is the curious phenomena in which we focus more on how the situation is influencing us when we involved in a situation, but more focused on our influence on a situation when we are not involved, but rather observing. When we are observing a situation, we focus on how our disposition influences the people in that situation. For whatever reason, we are much more aware of context when we are in it and more likely to focus on the individual and disregard context when we are observing. One might think that one would lose context when directly involved in a situation, rather than coolly observing from outside, but the opposite is often the case.

The self-serving bias is the tendency we have to hold ourselves responsible for good outcomes, such as mounting a glorious statue, and blame the circumstances for negative ones, such as employing slaves to do it. Self-serving bias applies both to outcomes and justifying the methods by which those outcomes were achieved.

In order to guide adolescents' gender development, one should encourage girls to be more self-assertive, encourage boys to be less physically aggressive, and encourage boys to be more sensitive in relationships. This is because children and adolescents are usually taught to do things within their gender roles, which means they are also taught to not do things that are not in their gender roles. So, instead of teaching boys to be insensitive, they should be taught to be more sensitive and less aggressive. Girls are usually assumed to be passive, so they should be taught to be a little more self-assertive.

We all encounter some little areas of insecurity where we feel as if we do not quite measure up. Self-immunization is a strategy that we employ to defend ourselves against feeling like we are inadequate or that we are failures. By trivializing our mistakes we say to ourselves things like, "Oh, that test really wasn't that important. It doesn't matter." Or, "I don't think anyone saw me trip in the hallway, so it isn't a big deal." We immunize ourselves from thinking ourselves worse than we are by accepting our failures, but in a more diminutive form.