Stereotype threat is a phenomenon that was discovered when researchers found that African-American students performed more poorly on a math test after being told that their racial group typically does poorly on math tests. When a control group took the same test without this information, students performed equally well regardless of race.

The fundamental attribution error is when people place too strong of an emphasis on internal characteristics when judging an externally influenced behavior. In the correct answer option, Mark committed the fundamental attribution error because he automatically assumes the other person intended to trip him, but the other person might have tripped themselves or have just not been paying attention to their surroundings.

In external attribution, people believe that a person's behavior is a result of their situation or environment, as opposed to something inate within them, as with internal attribution. We are not given enough information to classify the attribution as stable or unstable.

Self-serving bias causes people to view their successes as a result of something positive within themselves, and their failures as a result of their situation, or something outside of their control.

Since we don't know why the student had an unusually busy schedule, and whether or not he blames himself, we cannot determine if this is internal or external attribution. However, since he blames the grade on temporary factors, rather than something permanent, such as "being unlucky," we can determine that he is making an unstable attribution.

LaPiere took one Chinese couple around America to visit restaurants and test whether, amidst intense xenophobia towards Chinese people that existed at this time, their staff would serve them. As it turned out, although approximately 90% of the restaurants said they would refuse service to them, only one restaurant turned them down. This study demonstrates that one may express a strong attitude towards something, but it may not have any influence on behavior. In this case, the xenophobic attitude expressed by the staff did not impact their behavior, which resulting in service for the Chinese couple.

The just world bias is the general tendency humans have to believe that the world is a just place where people get what they deserve. When we see a person of low socio-economic standing, we may try to rationalize their status by assigning a false bias of negative choices or low moral character to that person. This is not necessarily true, since there are broader forces that are out of our individual control that contribute to poverty. This belief persists in many other cases and is prevalanet in much of American discourse on crime. 

In trying to combat prejudice, social psychologists created the concept of a superordinate goal that two groups, who are originally hostile to one another, could work towards in a joint effort. In Sherif's study of 1966, this idea was tested out at a camp and was found to be true. After the superordinate goal was attained, animosity was significantly reduced between the groups being tested.

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to place more emphasis on internal characteristics to explain someone's bad behavior. An example of this is thinking that a person who didn't answer your call is rude (internal), but in reality, they may not have received your message (external).

Stereotype threat is when a person feels at risk of conforming to negative stereotypes about his or her race. Feeling this way can lead to a number of negative consequences; one popular study found that when black students were made aware that other black peers performed poorly on a math test, the students performed significantly worse on said test.