The famous geographical work Image of the City was published by Kevin Lynch in 1960. It concerns how an individual perceives the city that they live in based on their experience of five main categories - paths, edges, districts, landmarks, and nodes.

Agglomeration is best exemplified in the modern shopping mall, wherein stores are clumped to take advantage of like-minded shoppers who may walk out of one store and be attracted to another. Coffee shops and ice cream shops tend to clump on blocks with the marketing strategy that customers may leave the coffee shop and want ice cream, or may decide against ice cream for coffee or mochas, or vice versa. Deglomeration is the opposite: the spreading out of formerly clustered industries that occurs when staying together becomes too expensive or cramped. An export processing zone is a maquiladora: a region set up specifically to lure factories. Purchasing-power parity is an equation used to compare the value of a certain good in two different countries.

The modern architectural movement emphasized efficiency and disregarded anything deemed frivolous or unnecessary. This movement dominated for much of the second-half of the twentieth century. Postmodern architecture has emerged in recent years in opposition to modern architecture. It tries to recapture architectural themes from before the modern period and incorporates aesthetically-pleasing buildings.

Cities that were inspired by the modern architecture movement tended to emphasize efficiency above everything else. The imposing geometric glass and concrete buildings were meant to impose a feeling of futuristic industry and efficiency, in which little labor or money is wasted on artistic or aesthetic detail.

Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil, was designed and built in the mid-twentieth century. With its imposing geometric glass buildings and concrete structures it is the prototypical example of a city inspired by the modern architecture movement.

In collecting research for his seminal work Image of the City (1960), Kevin Lynch determined that there were five main categories that affect an individual’s perception of the city that they live in. Those five main categories were paths, districts, nodes, landmarks, and edges. “Parks” would probably fit under the category of landmarks.

The “Beaux arts movement” was most influential in Paris, and other cities greatly influenced by French culture. Paris’ wide boulevards and prominent national monuments are classic examples of the “Beaux arts movement” which was so popular in nineteenth century European architecture.

The American City Beautiful movement, which took off in the second-half of the nineteenth century was primarily concerned with imposing order on the chaotic urban sprawl. The population of American cities had grown dramatically in recent years and many urban planners wanted to rectify the problems they identified with urban layout. The primary motivation was to make cities more orderly.

“New urbanism” emphasizes sustainable urban growth and community development in urban areas. Proponents of “new urbanism” decry the negative effects of suburbanization on the environment and on human society and seek to create urban environments that are more friendlier to pedestrians, less dependent on cars, and that promote greater community interaction.