At the time, (the 1580s) England was not in any way a power to be contended with on the world stage. So, in order to help blunt the Spanish Empire Elizabeth I granted permission to Francis Drake to become a privateer of sorts and raid Spanish Galleons and steal gold and silver for England. He was quite successful at it, and eventually earned a knighthood for his actions. The other answer options were pirates (completely unsanctioned, criminal sea-raiders), not privateers (publicly commissioned sea-raiders).

The Spanish Armada set sail in 1588 in a attempt to sail to, and invade England. They were going to attempt to remove Elizabeth I from the throne of England so a Catholic could be put on the throne in her place. As such, in 1588 Philip II gathered the Spanish fleet and sent them to Flanders to pick up an army so as to invade England, but a bad storm and English sea power stopped them.

Philip II was a devote Catholic and branded Elizabeth a heretic who was unfit to hold the Throne of England. As such, he attempted to remove her from power, but failed. Philip was especially irate about the issue as he claimed the throne of England for himself and was angered by Elizabeth, a Protestant, sitting on the throne.

As Charles II died childless and had no close male heirs it left the crown of Spain in a ponderous position. Philip of France and Charles of Austria were equally far from the crown, but Philip was named in Charles II will, thus giving him the throne. However Charles of Austria refused to accept this and decided to fight Philip for the throne.

Before the Succession of Philip to the throne of Spain there was a balance of power in Europe. With a Bourbon of France now on the throne of Spain there needed to be a new balance so the other nations of Europe sought to degrade the French and Spanish empires to the point that the balance of power was restored. Therefore the other major powers in Europe (Austria, Prussia, and England) all allied for the War.

The War of Spanish Succession was waged by the non French powers of Europe out of fear that the French were gaining too much power. They wanted to return to the pre-war balance of power, and as neither side could produce an outright victory over the other, several treaties saw that the balance was remade in order to end the war. the French Philip was recognized as King of Spain, but Spain lost control of its possessions in Italy and the Netherlands so as to weaken them sufficiently to reattain the status quo. 

The British and Prussians met Napoleon in battle at Waterloo, in what is now Belgium. Napoleon attempted to drive the British and Prussian armies away from France in an attempt to knock them out of the war before the Austrian and Russian Armies could come to reinforce them. However, he was not successful in defeating the British and Prussians, and therefore the combined power of the allies was easily able to defeat him and force him into exile once again.

Spain set the armada in an attempt to invade England and Remove Elizabeth I  from power with the intention of forcing a Catholic onto the throne so they could return the Catholic church to England; however, this did not happen as bad weather destroyed nearly the whole fleet, and the English navy destroyed much of the rest.

The Roundheads were the group that supported Parliaments claim to rule England while the Cavaliers supported the right of the King. These two groups fought in the English Civil War and ultimately, the Parliamentary supports won the conflict and the King was executed.

The Battle of Hastings was key in Williams conquest because it allowed him to continue on his march to London where he would be crowned Christmas day in Westminister Abbey.