The British and Prussians met Napoleon in battle at Waterloo, in what is now Belgium. Napoleon attempted to drive the British and Prussian armies away from France in an attempt to knock them out of the war before the Austrian and Russian Armies could come to reinforce them. However, he was not successful in defeating the British and Prussians, and therefore the combined power of the allies was easily able to defeat him and force him into exile once again.

Spain set the armada in an attempt to invade England and Remove Elizabeth I  from power with the intention of forcing a Catholic onto the throne so they could return the Catholic church to England; however, this did not happen as bad weather destroyed nearly the whole fleet, and the English navy destroyed much of the rest.

The Roundheads were the group that supported Parliaments claim to rule England while the Cavaliers supported the right of the King. These two groups fought in the English Civil War and ultimately, the Parliamentary supports won the conflict and the King was executed.

The Battle of Hastings was key in Williams conquest because it allowed him to continue on his march to London where he would be crowned Christmas day in Westminister Abbey.

Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Yugoslavian Nationalist. This event escalated existent tensions to the point that Austria declared war on Serbia with Germany backing up Austria and Russia backing Serbia. Subsequently other nations in Europe got pulled into the war based on existing alliances.

The Hundred Years war was based primarily on tensions between England and France centering around English land claims in France.

The Revolution of 1905 led to the introduction of the State Duma, a new constitution, and the introduction of multi-party voting.

Alsace-Lorraine is a former region now located within modern France, bordering Germany, and administratively known as Alsace-Moselle. The majority of the province was annexed by the German Empire following the 1870 war.

Russia fought Finland in the Winter War of 1939-1940 and the Continuation War of 1941-1944. The other conflicts took place in 1877-1878 (Russia-Turkish War), 1904-1905 (Russo-Japanese War), 1921 (Russo-Georgian War), and 1969 (Sino-Soviet border conflict). Though Russia and Japan would fight during World War II, Japan was southeast of the Soviet Union.

The outbreak of the 30 Years War immediately involved Austria, and, therefore, also involved Spain because both Austria and Spain were ruled by the Habsburg family. Both states would be involved in the war until its end. Denmark entered the conflict in 1625 and France entered in 1635 after years of indirect support of the anti-Austrian forces. Russia never entered the conflict because it was experiencing a period of domestic turmoil known as the Time of Troubles and was therefore unable to generate the military and/or political power to enter the war.