Essentially every nation and princely house had a representative in Vienna for the Congress. While the bulk of the agreements excluded those who were not part of the Great Powers these nations still wanted to get the most out of the final agreements. The concentration of nations brought out people from other factions such as religious organizations, corporations, advocacy groups and many others.

The Treaty of Augsburg did not create a peace between Austrians and Germans that would last until the 18th Century. Austria would be consistently involved in the 30 Years War, which broke out in 1618. All other option are factual stipulations and effects of the Peace of Augsburg which would remain effective until 1618 and the 30 Years War. 

Although the Secret Protocol was to be a secret, it was agreed that only Nazi Germany and the USSR (the signatories) would be privy to it. The other members of the Axis (Italy and Japan) were not told. All other answers were actual parts of the treaty. 

Of all the choices only the EDC was never ratified, although a provisional treaty was signed between several West European states. It failed to be ratified by the French government in 1954 and thus never went into effect. NATO largely filled the role that the EDC was meant to, and thus contributed to European Integration by connecting most of Western Europe through a collective defense organization. The ECSC, EEC, and EU were all ratified and went into effect in 1952, 1957, and 1993 respectively.

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was a continent-wide conflict that managed to ensnare every great European power of the time, initially with the Catholic Holy Roman Empire facing off against various Protestant states. A major turning point occurred in 1630, when Swedish armies led by King Gustavus Adolphus managed to turn the tide against the Imperial forces. After his death in the Battle of Lützen in 1632, the Protestant side faced serious setbacks against the Catholic armies of the Holy Roman Empire, and the end of the war with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) was largely based around settlements that were a setback from the heights of Sweden's power under Gustavus Adolphus.

The Battle of Waterloo, one of the most famous battles in history, was the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by a joint British-Prussian force under the command of Generals Arthur Wellesley and Gebhard von Blucher. The campaign began when Napoleon returned from his initial exile on the Island of Elba in 1815. After Waterloo, Napoleon would again be exiled, but this time to the much more distant island of St. Helena and under much tighter security.

The Seven Years’ War (more commonly called the French-Indian War in American parlance) was fought from 1756 until 1763 between the French and British Empires. It was fought all over the world, as at this time the colonial possessions of Britain and France were nearly everywhere. The war ended with British victory and in America resulted in the complete loss of French possessions in Canada and the North of modern-day United States. This would have significant consequences, providing the motivation and circumstance for revolution. It also gave the British control of French holdings on the Indian subcontinent.

The fall of Constantinople occurred in the fifteenth century (1453), when Turkish forces finally overcame the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and captured the city of Constantinople (now known as Istanbul). The Byzantine Empire was originally the Eastern half of the Roman Empire and the fact that it survived for an additional thousand years is somewhat remarkable. The fall of Constantinople precipitated the spread of Muslim settlements in the Balkans.

The War of the Roses was a civil war fought for control of the English crown between the Houses of York and Lancaster. The war lasted for thirty years and resulted in Henry Tudor, of House Lancaster, defeating his rival from the House of York, Richard III, and establishing the Tudor dynasty, which would rule England for over a century and included such notable monarchs as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

Napoleon’s Continental System is an important example of a blockade, or militaristic embargo, during times of war. Napoleon sought to cut off all trade to the British islands and prevent any territory under his control from exchanging goods with the British. The idea was to starve the British into surrender. The system had some effect, but it failed in part because other countries in Europe depended heavily on British imports.