All AP Environmental Science Resources
Example Questions
Example Question #1 : Forests
What timber-harvesting method involves clearing the majority of mature trees in a stand while leaving some mature trees to provide seeds to replenish the stand?
Single-tree selection cutting
Shelterwood cutting
Group selection cutting
Clear-cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Seed-tree cutting best fits this definition because most trees in this harvest method are cleared, but a few mature trees are left uncut so as to provide seeds for future stands to grow.
Clear-cutting is when an entire stand is cut for harvest. Single-tree cutting is harvesting select mature trees. Shelterwood cutting is when the forest is "thinned" of more mature trees, and a group-selected cut is when a small patch of trees is selected and cut.
Example Question #1 : Forests
Oak is very profitable as a firewood, but oak stands take long periods of time to mature, often hundreds of years. Oak saplings aren't very shade-tolerant and soil erosion from over-logging is a very pressing issue. Oak saplings form in the immediate area to which the parent tree drops the acorns. Which of the following harvest methods would be optimal for both the hardwood ecosystem and timber yields?
Clear-cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Group-selection cutting
Shelterwood cutting
Single-tree cutting
Shelterwood cutting
Clear-cutting puts the hardwood ecosystem at risk of soil erosion and depletes the resource, while single-tree cutting would reap little profit and dense stands could limit growth of shade-intolerant saplings. Seed-tree leaves too few slow-growing oaks to disperse seeds and group-selection cutting is not optimal for a tree whose saplings grow right where the acorns drop from the tree.
Shelterwood cutting thins out the forest, allowing younger, sun-loving trees to grow. This method is often preferred for slow-growing hardwoods and limits soil erosion while maximizing yield.
Example Question #2 : Forests
From the 1930s onward, suppression of forest fires has been common practice in United States land management, particularly in the management of Western coniferous stands. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of this type of management?
Migratory populations can be halted, hindered and even dissapear from the regional landscape due to inability to find forage.
When fire-adapted forests are not burned periodically, the understory can become overcrowded, making it difficult for animals to migrate, travel, hunt, etc.
Without regular wildfires, forests can become so dense that the resulting build-up of "fuel" can generate a more intense wildfire that could be more challenging to contain.
When there are no regular wildfires, stands become too dense, resulting in a diminished understory of flora, which can cause soil erosion.
When forests are not burned regularly, the canopy can become too crowded for new trees to get the sunlight and precipitation they need.
When there are no regular wildfires, stands become too dense, resulting in a diminished understory of flora, which can cause soil erosion.
The main concern with fire supression is the overcrowding of fire-adapted tree stands, which can be problematic for wildlife attempting to forage or migrate. A buildup of high-density wood fuel is also a high risk for a catastropic wildfire and is not befitting of a healthy ecological community. However, overgrowth of stands does not inherently pose a risk for soil erosion, as root systems from dense tree stands will likely hold the soil in place.
Example Question #2 : Forests
Swidden agriculture is used mostly in rainforest areas. Plots that are made in this way are typically abandoned in only a few years due to poor soil quality.
Swidden agriculture is also known as __________.
terracing
desertification
slash and burn agriculture
intensive agriculture
slash and burn agriculture
Slash and burn describes the process of clearing forested areas of vegetation and burning to provide cropland or rangeland. Terracing is the process by which a hill is converted into large "steps" of land, which are easier to farm. Intensive agriculture describes the large-scale, systematic production of food for distribution to heavily populated areas. Desertification, as the name suggests, involves land degradation in which an already dry area becomes increasingly dry, usually resulting in a decrease in biodiversity.
Example Question #5 : Forests
Skyler is a forest ranger in the Washington Parks. His job is to preserve a track of forest that has never been cut. What type of forest is this?
Agroforest
Old growth forest
Second growth forest
Native forest
None of these
Old growth forest
The correct response is old growth forest. This refers specifically to a forest that has never been cut, or has been around for over a hundred years. Another term would be Virgin Forest. The term native forest just means that they forest contains natural vegetation to the ecosystem - it doesn't refer to whether the forest has been cut or not. Agroforest is the combination of agriculture and forest lands. Second growth forest is the regrowth of a forest after being cut down.
Example Question #6 : Forests
Which is the definition of "seed-tree cutting?"
Removing only mature trees individually or in small groups
Removing nearly an entire stand of trees, leaving only a few evenly distributed trees to regenerate the stand
A strip is clear cut, leaving a corridor narrow enough to allow regeneration within a shorter period of time
Removing all mature trees in a few cuttings over a period of ten years
Removing nearly an entire stand of trees, leaving only a few evenly distributed trees to regenerate the stand
Strip cutting - a strip is clear cut, leaving a corridor narrow enough to allow regeneration within a shorter period of time.
Shelterwood cutting - removing all mature trees in a few cuttings over a period of ten years.
Selective cutting - removing only mature trees individually or in small groups.
Example Question #21 : Material Resources
Freerange cattle are both healthier and more delicious. However, cattle can overgraze rangelands, compact the soilT and even eat tree seedlings, hindering the growth of new stands. How can this problem be combatted while also maximizing the amount of freerange cattle that can be raised?
Only raise a few cattle on a large parcel of rangeland.
Subdivide rangeland with fencing, moving the cattle from one location to the next periodically.
Confine the cattle to a small parcel of rangeland, limiting their detriment to the grassland ecosystem in the big picture.
Till the rangelands regularly to prevent cattle from compacting and disturbing the soil.
Only raise large herds of cattle on large parcels of rangeland.
Subdivide rangeland with fencing, moving the cattle from one location to the next periodically.
subdividing rangeland and rotating where the herds of cattle graze allows for grasslands to regenerate naturally and prevents excessive disturbance of the soil while also maximizing the number of cattle that can graze in a certain area.
Example Question #312 : Ap Environmental Sciences
In terms of efficient land management, which of the following ecosystems would be most practical to utilize for grazing?
High-precipitation temperate forest
Fertile river delta
Low-precipitation boreal forest
Low-precipitation prairie/grassland
High-precipitation grassland
Low-precipitation prairie/grassland
In regions of the U.S. that have insufficient rainfall for growing crops (Eastern Colorado, West Texas, etc.), the land is often utilized for grazing livestock. Dry grassland ecosystems are best used for grazing because tilling the soil for cultivation creates a heightened risk for wind-carried soil erosion, as was demonstrated by the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.
Example Question #3 : Rangelands
All of the following are types of rangelands EXCEPT __________.
Tundra
Chaparral
Desert
Savanna
Tallgrass prairies
Desert
A rangeland is an biome categorized by native, grassy plants on which wild and/or domestic animals feed. It can be a desert shrubland, a tundra, a grassland, or another biome, as long as it is not barren.
Example Question #22 : Material Resources
Which of the following rangeland ecosystems is most susceptible to soil erosion by overgrazing?
A rangeland consisting of a mixture of annual grasses with short root systems and perennial bunchgrasses with deeper root systems
A rangeland consisting exclusively of annual grasses with shallow root systems with a narrow, fast-flowing creek running through the area
A rangeland consisting mostly of hardwood shrubs with outwardly-extending root systems in an area with strong seasonal gusts
A rangeland consisting exclusively of annual grasses with shallow root systems and strong seasonal gusts
A rangeland atop a mesa, consisting of deep-rooted hardwood shrubs in an area that is prone to regular, strong gusts
A rangeland consisting exclusively of annual grasses with shallow root systems and strong seasonal gusts
Annual grasses with shallow root systems not only provide little structural integrity to the organic and topsoil layers of the soil, but are also very desirable to grazing livestock such as cattle. Cattle generally prefer annual grasses to shrubs and semi-woody bunchgrasses, which—when combined with strong seasonal gusts—can put a rangeland at serious risk of wind erosion and loss of topsoil. Woody shrubs and bunchgrasses typically have deeper or further-extending root systems and provide more structural integrity for the soil, which prevents further erosion.
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