Premature birth is the leading cause of death in newborns. While the exact causes of premature birth are not completely understood, certain methods may work to prevent it. These methods include nutritional supplements, avoiding stress, screening for complications, and reduction in activity.

In order to deliver the fetal shoulders, the fetus needs to rotate in the birth canal.

During delivery, the term “crowning” refers to the appearance of the fetal head at the vaginal opening. This happens after the cervix is fully dilated and the mother begins pushing.

Cervical dilation is the thinning and widening of the cervix to allow for fetal passage into the birth canal. Cervical dilation is a result of uterine contractions and may begin naturally or can be medically induced to start labor. As labor continues, the cervix will continue to dilate until reaching until it reaches 10cm. At this point, delivery can take place. Indicators of cervical dilation include the release of the mucus plug, blood, and pain.

In cases of maternal or fetal complications, labor may be medically induced. These methods typically aim to trigger the body to naturally begin labor. They include artificially rupturing the amniotic sac (“breaking the water”), nipple stimulation, and administering prostaglandins.

A caesarian section is a method to deliver the fetus surgically. During the procedure, an incision is made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus. Caesarian sections are used in the case of pregnancy and labor complications, but they can also be undertaken electively.

Neonatal intensive care units are highly developed and specialized units that house premature infants. These units provide the following advances in neonatal care: temperature regulation, protection, nutrition, and the administration of medications.

Postpartum depression is a condition that may occur in women that have recently given birth. It is a type of clinical depression that is recognized by the medical community and is found in mothers all over the world. Symptoms of postpartum depression include low energy, anxiety, and mood changes. Postpartum depression may interfere with mother-infant bonding. Methods to prevent postpartum depression include peer support and antidepressants.

During childbirth, oxytocin stimulates fetal expulsion through cervical dilation and uterine contractions. Oxytocin is also important in the development of maternal feelings of attachment to the fetus and plays a role in lactation.

Instrumental delivery is the delivery of an infant through the use of medical instruments. This is used in the case of difficult deliveries and labor complications. Instruments that are commonly used include the vacuum extractor and forceps.