The chemical properties of an element are, in a large part, determined by the number of bonds that element can form with other elements. Silicon, like carbon, can form four bonds with other elements, and thus is the most similar. This can easily be seen on a periodic table as elements with similar properties are grouped together in the same column. Note that these similarities arise from having the same number of valence electrons. 

Carbohydrates, such as glucose and fructose, are primarily used in metabolic pathways to provide energy for the cell. Glucose is the first reactant necessary for driving glycolysis and subsequent cellular respiration in the cell, with the goal of producing ATP.

Proteins and enzymes serve to catalyze reactions. Nucleic acids store genetic material. Lipids form the membranes that surround and protect organelles.

Mannose is an epimer of glucose, and is a carbohydrate. Typically, molecule names ending in "–ose" will be carbohydrates. The other answers each belong to a different category of macromolecule: cholesterol is a lipid, miRNA is a nucleic acid, and lipase is a protein.

Just as the suffix "ose" signifies a carbohydrate, the suffix "ol" indicates a lipid and the suffix "ase" indicates a protein.

Starch and glycogen have alpha glycosidic bonds between each glucose molecule. Humans can digest starch and glycogen because humans possess alpha amylase, which breaks these alpha linkages.

Cellulose contains beta glycosidic bonds, which can be digested by beta amylase. Since humans do not possess beta amylase protein, they are unable to digest cellulose.

Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides that are found in plants and glycogen is found in human liver. All three polysaccharides are made from glucose, a monosaccharide.

Carbohydrates have an empirical formula of . The most common types of carbohydrates are pentoses (5-carbon carbohydrates) and hexoses (6-carbon carbohydrates). All 6-carbon carbohydrates share the molecular formula .

Glucose, galactose, and mannose are all hexoses. The only difference between these three carbohydrates is their relative orientation of hydroxyl groups on the carbons.

Ribose is a pentose, and has a different molecular formula. Remember that all nucleic acids contain 5-carbon rings.

Recall that glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, whereas insulin promotes formation of glycogen from glucose molecules. Both hormones function to regulate glucose levels. You can eliminate choices with galactose because glycogen is made up of glucose, not galactose.

You can also eliminate the answer choice that suggests that glycogen is stored in the pancreas. The pancreas releases the hormones insulin and glucagon, but it doesn’t store glycogen. The glycogen is actually stored in the liver. Increased levels of insulin increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.

Glucose is the main source of energy in the human body. It is a six carbon sugar that, when fully oxidized, can yield as many as 36 ATP. The brain in the human body uses glucose exclusively, though other parts of the body are capable of metabolizing other sugars. When complex sugars are ingested, they are broken down and converted by various enzymes to produce glucose. The glucose then enters into glycolysis to generate cellular energy.

Glycolysis occurs within the cytosol of the cell, during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the first step to generate energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates. 

Glycolysis does not involve the breakdown of proteins or fatty acids. Fermentation can be used to regenerate NAD⁺, with a byproduct of lactic acid or ethanol, during anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis will occur simultaneous to fermentation, but will also occur during healthy aerobic respiration.

Enzymes are proteins, which are composed of amino acids. Biomolecules are made of polymers. The monomers in nucleic acids are nucleotides. The monomers in carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Lipids are biomolecules, but their structure does not follow as clear of a pattern as the other three. Depending on the textbook, we may consider fatty acids, or hydrocarbons as "monomers" of lipids. There is some ambiguity with lipids because their structures are diverse and are not always chains of repeating subunits.

Carbohydrates and proteins are polymers (a long chain molecule generally composed of repeating single units), but glucose and lipids are not polymers (though glucose has the ability to polymerize). Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Carbohydrates are polymers of sugar monomers or monosaccharides. Lactose is a disaccharide or two sugar monomers connected.