Rho attaches to a Rho recognition site on the mRNA strand and uses ATP to move along the mRNA strand towards RNA polymerase. When RNA polymerase pauses at the terminator, Rho unwinds the DNA-RNA hybrid. RNA polymerase, Rho, and the newly synthesized mRNA are released. 

Bacteria organize some of their genes into operons. Operons contain genes of a similar function grouped together, and these genes are all transcribed together. For example, the lac operon involves the three genes required for breaking down lactose. There is no point in only transcribing one or two of the three genes since they are all required to break down lactose. Thus, they are under the control of a single operator and are all transcribed when the operator is active.

Plasmids are small pieces of DNA that are not part of a bacteria's genome. The genes contained on plasmids are not necessary for proper function of the bacteria. However, bacterial plasmids can carry genes to confer antibiotic resistance, and commonly do. Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria via conjugation, and can be integrated into their genomic DNA.. Plasmids are usually present in more than one copy per cell.

Restriction Endonucleases, or otherwise known as restriction enzymes, allows biologist to “cut and paste” different DNA sequences together. The use of restriction endonucleases is critical for the creation of recombinant plasmids. Viral vectors is incorrect, as viral vectors are useful in the application of recombinant DNA plasmids, delivery to host cell, but not in forming.

DNA polymerase is not involved in the process of transcription. The incorrect answer could be corrected if it was rewritten as "a mutation in the promoter region where the RNA polymerase binds to."

The region of a gene where activator/repressors bind in prokaryotic organisms is called an operator. The protein that's bound to the operon strongly influences the level of gene expression.

The lack of a nuclear membrane in prokaryotes has the advantage of allowing the cell to translate RNA as it is transcribed from DNA. This means that even before the full RNA is produced, the protein coded by that RNA can start being made. Eukaryotes produce RNA inside the nucleus, so it must first be fully transcribed and undergo modifications before it can be moved to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs.

Prokaryotic transcription has three essential steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The initiation process involves the binding of RNA polymerase to the correct region of DNA, and is characterized by the binding of the sigma factor to the RNA polymerase. Elongation occurs as the RNA strand is synthesized from the DNA template. Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase enzyme encounters a rho factor or particular DNA structure that causes it to release the DNA strand and cease RNA synthesis.

It is during the elongation process that RNA nucleotides are matched to the DNA template. The temporary DNA-RNA hybrid exists only briefly at the point of transcription before phosphodiester bonds form between adjacent ribonucleotides.

The sigma factor is an important part of initiation for prokaryotic transcription. Once transcription has been initiated, however, the sigma factor is released during elongation. RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA product until it is interrupted in one of two ways. In rho-dependent termination, a rho factor protein interferes with RNA polymerase binding and causes it to release the DNA strand. In rho-independent termination, structural features of the DNA cause RNA polymerase to become detached. The structures include hairpin loops, which generate steric hindrance, and adenine-rich sequences, which lead to weak binding of the RNA product to the DNA template.

Inactive RNA polymerase must bind to a specific sigma factor in order to become active in gene transcription. Sigma factors are specialized transcription factors involved in recruiting and activating RNA polymerase. Only once RNA polymerase has bound the sigma factor can it identify promoter sequences and initiate transcription.

mRNA is the product of transcription and is not involved in prokaryotic RNA polymerase recruitment. An RNA primer is essential to recruiting DNA polymerase for DNA replication.