The Garden of Earthly Delights, painted between 1490 and 1510, is a highly idiosyncratic and complicated triptych of the Garden of Eden, earthly pleasures, and their subsequent punishment in a hell-like atmosphere. The religious overtones and multi-faceted story are features of most paintings by Hieronymus Bosch, who was an early Netherlandish painter during the Renaissance. Bosch's painting, now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, was highly influential for its depiction of human forms, its allegorical tales, and its peculiar form of storytelling.

The painter of the Arnolfini Portrait is Jan van Eyck, who is famous for his other works in the Netherlandish style, including Portrait of a Man in a Turban.

Michelangelo Caravaggio's paintings showed a striking use of the high contrast between dark and light known as chiaroscuro, pushing the technique further than any artist had previously. He used it to give drama to many of his psychologically charged paintings of religious scenes. He also often painted boys, sometimes incorporated into these scenes and sometimes in a non-religious or Classical context.

El Greco, born Domenikos Theotopoulos (1541–1614) was a Mannerist painter and sculptor. He born in Crete and worked in Rome and Spain. His well-known work The Burial of the Count of Orgaz was commissioned in 1586 by the parish priest of Santo Tomé.

Mannerism departed from the High Renaissance style that emphasized symmetry, balance, and perfection. Instead, Mannerist artists allowed the imperfections, emotions, and disproportions of their subjects to show through, sometimes even enhancing them.

The three panels of the Merode Annunciation triptych show (from left to right) two friends of Mary and Joseph arriving to pay their respects, Mary sitting and reading calmly with the angel Gabriel and the tiny flying figure of the Holy Spirit, and Joseph at a wood-working bench. 

Pieter Bruegel the Elder was known to many at the time of his work as "peasant Bruegels" because he often used commoners and everyday scenes as his subject matter.

Baroque art, popular in Europe from the late sixteenth century through the early eighteenth century, featured intense emotions, exaggerated movement of its subjects, and a high-contrast style of use of light and dark colors. It was often used to represent the emotional depths of the Catholic church, as well as to glorify the church and the monarchy. Caravaggio is a famous painter from this time period who painted in the Baroque style.

Caravaggio is arguably the most famous Baroque painter.  His paintings are often displayed as quintessential examples of the pure Baroque style, and they are very recognizably painted by Caravaggio.

Image: The Crowning with Thorns by Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi) (c. 1602–1604). File from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Michelangelo_Merisi%2C_called_Caravaggio_-_The_Crowning_with_Thorns_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg.

None of these answers is correct; the correct answer is the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual awakening for Europe. The paintings from the Renaissance tend more toward realism than paintings and artworks before it. Therefore, artists dedicated themselves to studying different aspects of real, three-dimensional spaces, like perspective and shadows. The human form was deeply studied by Leonardo da Vinci and other artists.