The Early Netherlandish painters with whom Hieronymus Bosch was associated painted a number of altarpieces and devotional works to be placed in churches. This portrait of John on Patmos shows the purported author of the Book of Revelation in a reverential stance. Additionally, his positioning indicates this was the far right end of a triptych, a three-fold piece of art that had multiple paintings on one, usually religious, theme. Triptychs were common in church altars in the Late Medieval/Early Modern period.

Image: St. John the Evangelist on Patmos by Hieronymus Bosch (1489)

The Last Supper is actually in terrible condition, and attempts to restore it started as early as 1726. Deterioration was noticeable as early as 18 years after it was first painted.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)#/media/File:%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg

The image of the reclining nude, often looking right at the viewer, was an element present in Venus of Urbino that most directly influenced many works of art that came later.  While the other elements listed were present in Venus of Urbino, the bold sensuality and straightforwardness of this image was imitated in many works of art that followed.  Manet's Olympia (shown below) is one particularly noteworthy example.

Images are in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Tiziano_-_Venere_di_Urbino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Edouard_Manet_-_Olympia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Venus of Urbino does not feature contrapposto. Contrapposto is a specific arrangement of the body often seen in ancient sculpture where the body is twisted off-axis to give off a more naturalistic standing position.  

The others, however, are all true. This was meant to be put in a cassoni (and in fact, the servant in the background is standing next to one). The spatial environment contains 3 distinct planes (the nude in the foreground, the servants in the mid-ground and the view out the window in the background). The woman is likely based on a real-life courtesan from the time period and is shown to be "unapologetically erotic" by looking directly at the viewer.  Finally, it's currently on display in the Uffizi in Florence.

Image is in the public domain, accessed through Wikipedia Media Commons: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Tiziano_-_Venere_di_Urbino_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Mannerism was essentially the second wave of Renaissance painting, being most prevalent in the second half of the sixteenth century. Mannerism took many of the Renaissance values of clarity and formal achievement and pushed them even further. In the works of artists such as Tintoretto, El Greco, and Giambologna created highly stylized, formal works that were paragons of mannerism.

Chiaroscuro is a technique developed in the Italian Renaissance that created extremely strong contrasts between light and dark shades in a painting for dramatic purposes. While early Renaissance artists like Botticelli were notable for its use, it reached its apex in the seventeenth century in works by artists such as Caravaggio and Rembrandt van Rijn.

In the Christian Bible, in the Gospel of Luke, the angel Gabriel comes to Mary to inform her that she will give birth to the Messiah and name him Yeshua (or Jesus). Known as the Annunciation, it was one of the most popular subjects of late-medieval and early-Renaissance art, as it highlighted Mary's virginity while also reflecting her humanity in the circumstance.

Using newly found mathematical principles in their artwork, Renaissance artists were able to create perspective in Western painting for the first time. Vanishing-point perspective, which creates lines of sight that reflect the depth seen in reality, allowed for portraiture, religious subjects, and other works to be seen in new ways. Coupled with new scientific knowledge and an increasing use of dark colors and shadows, Renaissance art created new perceptions of artwork.

Among the most important and widely painted images in Medieval art were depictions of the Madonna and Child. These paintings, depicting the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus, were meant to show the two holiest figures in Medieval Catholicism to the illiterate believers of the church in the middle ages.

A triptych, from Greek words meaning "three fold," was often placed at the altar of medieval and early modern European churches. The paintings allowed for three separate scenes to be shown in one place, which allowed both the artist to depict three related topics and show the viewer a larger scene than one panel would allow. Triptychs were largely used for religious topics in the middle ages, but have remained a popular style up to the present day.